White box

One or more interesting hits can be selected by clicking the small white box next to the structure. The resulting list of literature can be analyzed or refined (Figure 5-14). 

Figure 5.4. Example of a small region of a hypothetical protein interaction network. Each letter represents a different yeast protein. The white boxes and gray boxes represent genes that are involved in the same function while the hatched boxes indicate proteins of unknown function. The A protein is likely to be involved in the same process as the white box protein and the J protein is likely to be involved in the same process as the gray box proteins because of the multiple interactions within the network. The connection between the E and I proteins indicates communication between the cellular processes. Figure adapted from Hazbun and Fields (2001).

Fig. 24.1 Variant alleles at the human TPMT locus. Grey boxes are exons containing mutations. White boxes are untranslated regions and black boxes represent exons in the ORF. Dashed box represents exon 2, which was detected in one of 16 human liver cDNAs (adapted from [30]).

Fig. 13.10 Confocal microscopic images showing colocalization of LDH with clathrin in HOS cells. (A) Cells were incubated with LDH-FITC for 2 h, treated with anti-clathrin antibody, and then stained byTR. Nucleus was stained by Dapi. Scale bar represents 10 pm. (B) Magnified images of the white box in (A).

This list includes all kinds of development work. We have already discussed model frameworks and template packages, which can be valuable to an enterprise. They are white-box assets What you see is what is they offer. By contrast, an executable piece of software, delivered without source code, can perform a useful and well-defined function and yet not be open to internal inspection. Software vendors prefer such black-box components. 

There are several implementation mechanisms for achieving the effect of plug-points and plug-ins. This section discusses the main ones, emphasizing the value of black-box composition over white-box inheritance for large-grained reuse. 

One of the problems with inheritance frameworks is that they are white-box in nature The extender of a framework must study and understand the source code in order to make extensions and to understand which methods to override, which other (template) methods that override will affect, and how the set of overridden methods must behave for the framework to function properly. The real reason for this legacy is that the vertical interfaces of class frameworks have rarely been documented explicitly, abstracting away from the code. 

The framework approach to code reuse provides a concrete, yet incomplete, implementation of the architecture The rules and policies about how application objects interact are codified and enforced by the framework itself. Frameworks can be both white-box—a template method in the superclass must be overriden by a subclass after understanding the calls made in the superclass implementation—and black-box, in which interfaces for the plug-in calls are explicitly specified and implemented according to the spec. 

I saw the days of the year stretching ahead like a series of bright, white boxes, and separating one box from another was sleep, like a black shade. Only for me, the long perspective of shades that set off one box against the next had suddenly snapped up, and I could see day after day glaring ahead of me like a white, broad, infinitely desolate avenue. 

Figure 11.2 Enlarged portions of Segre chart of nuclides, showing s-process (upper chain) and r-process (lower chain). White boxes stable nuclides diagonally ruled boxes unstable nuclides crosshatched boxes highly unstable nuclides.

Several sensory modalities can be involved in complex interactions involving at least three cues rats learnt better to associate the bitter taste of quinine in water with a context such as a black or white box if a pyrazine was also present (the specific compound used was 2-methoxy-3-isobutyl pyrazine) (Kaye etal, 1989). It is said the odor potentiates learning the connection between taste cue and context. ... 

Zernig G, Troger J, Saria A (1993) Different behavioral profiles of the non-peptide substance P (NKl) antagonists CP-96,345 and RP 67580 in Swiss albino mice in the black- and-white box. Nemosci Lett 151 64-66... 

L Infinitif [White Box]. Ed. C. Gray. New York Cordier Ekstrom, 1966. 

Figure 32-7 Expression pattern of Oct-3 mRNA during mouse development. The green boxes indicate those stages in which Oct-3 is expressed, while the white boxes at the right indicate all types in which little or no Oct-3 mRNA is formed. After Rosner et al.3U...

Fig. 22 Distinct types of rod-like molecules with perfluorinated segments RF = dark, RH = gray, aromatic core = white box...

Figure 1. Schemaic representation of the proteins involved in the CaMK cascade, aligned by functional domain. Dotted box, catalytic domain horizontal striped box, RP insert vertical striped box, CAAX insert brick box, autoregulatory domain white boxes, unknown or undefined domains. T, CaMKK target threonine. See text for more details...

Figure 1. (a) Elevations of the Central Andean plateau between 15°S and 26°S, constructed with SRTM30 dataset. White circles show our late Oligocene to late Miocene sites discussed in the text. White boxes enclose study sites for modem soil carbonate in the Atacama Desert in Quade et al. (2007) (b) study locations in the Himalayan-Tibet orogen (Himalaya/Hindu Kush shaded). 

Structural testing takes into account the internal mechanism (structure) of a system or component. It is sometimes referred to as white box testing. Structural testing should show that the software creator followed contemporary quality standards (e.g., consensus standards from national and international standards development organizations. This testing usually includes inspection (or walk-through) of the program code and development documents. 

After technical design has been translated into code,2 the following inspections should be considered to further evaluate the correctness of the code. A code review is an informal white box test where the code is presented in a meeting to project personnel, managers, users, customers, or other interested parties for comment or informal approval. Code reviews are a static test approach that can be applied to source code during the early stage of development. 

A black box test involves providing an input to the system and then examining the output. The structural elements of the application software are not examined during the execution of a black box test these elements are examined during a white box test. An OQ is a black box (result oriented) system test, designed to determine the degree of accuracy with which the system responds to a stimulus. The following sections describe some test cases that an OQ may contain. 

A unit test is a white box-oriented test, conducted on modules that have been structurally tested. This type of test involves the standalone software unit before it is integrated into a complete system or subsystem. The test cases are designed to look for errors in the logic design, data processing, and the statement of execution. Uncovered errors are removed, and the test case that located the error, and any other associated test case, re-executed. 

Figure 17 ATPase and LDH activity in scorpion fish (white boxes) and horse-mackerel (shaded) in spring (1) summer (2) and autumn (3). R, red muscle W, white muscle. (After Emeretli, 1990)...

Figure 8.8 A 58 mm x 46 mm NIR image of a Tempo top ply taken through a macroobjective on the MatrixNIR instrument (Spectral Dimensions). This image is a band integration map of the lotion absorption (1160-1260 nm) from a 4 scan, 24 frame data collection smoothed 13 points and offset corrected. The white box in the upper left shows the 5 mm x 5 mm size of images collected by the Perkin-Elmer Spotlight instrument (see Figs 8.6 and 8.7) for comparison.

Fig. 20.11. Gait analysis device. (A) The gait analysis device is shown. The mouse is place on the treadmill in the green box. The mouse would be facing left and the loop at right in the chamber bumps the mouse s tail if they lag on the treadmill. The white box in front contains the digital camera that videos the mouse using an angled mirror. (B) The automated data analysis is trained to recognize the mouse s paws in the video and gait parameters are calculated, as well as body axis, toe spread, and other data.

Figure 2 Order and organization of enniatin synthetase and cyclosporin synthetase as deduced from gene sequence and biochemical characterization. Symbols in the adenylateforming modules (black boxes) indicate the corresponding activated amino acids. M stands for A -methyltransferase domain. Condensation domains are represented by white boxes. (A) Top Structure of enniatin synthetase. EA represents the D-Hiv-activating module EB represents the L-valine-activating module D-Ehv is D-2-hydroxyisovaleric acid. Bottom Structural features of the wild-type A -methyltransferase domain M of esynl. The black boxes indicate conserved motifs which can be found within methyltransferases and A -methyltransferase domains of peptide synthetases (see also Fig. 3). The numbers indicate the amino acid position in the sequence of Esyn. (B) Structure of cyclosporin synthetase. Abu = L-a-aminobutyric acid Bmt = (4A)-4-[(E)-2-butenyl]-4-methyl-L-threonine.

White-box or first-principle modeling. A dynamic model for well-understood processes derived from mass, energy, and momentum balances. 

The advanced process control strategies that are most applicable to the optimization of the distillation process are usually based on white-box modeling, where the theoretical dynamic models are derived on the basis of the mass, energy, and momentum balances of this well-understood process. Although the optimization techniques described here can improve productivity and profitability by 25%, this goal will only be achieved if the distillation process is treated as a single and integrated unit operation and the variables, such as flows, levels, pressures, etc., become only constraints, and the controlled and optimized variables are productivity and profitability. 

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