What Are Triglycerides

Fatty acid Along, unbranched-chain carboxylic acid, most commonly of 12 to 20 carbons, derived from the hydrolysis of animal fats, vegetable oils, or the phospholipids of biological membranes. 

More than 500 different fatty acids have been isolated from various cells and tissues. Given in Table 19.1 are common names and structural formulas for the most abundant of them. The number of carbons in a fatty acid and the number of carbon-carbon double bonds in its hydrocarbon chain are shown by two numbers separated by a colon. In this notation, linoleic acid, for example, is designated as an 18 2 fatty acid its 18-carbon chain contains two carbon-carbon double bonds. 

Following are several characteristics of the most abundant fatty acids in higher plants and animals  

Nearly all fatty acids have an even number of carbon atoms, most between 12 and 20, in 

The three most abundant fatty acids in nature are palmitic acid (16 0), stearic acid 

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What are triglycerides Draw a general structure of a triglyceride. 

What are the products of the reaction between the following triglyceride and sodium hydroxide ... 

What are the four major classes of lipoproteins in the mammalian circulatory system Which of these carry mainly cholesterol and which carry mainly triglycerides Of the cholesterol carriers, a high level of some is considered to be good while a high level of some is considered to be bad. Which are the good and bad carriers, and why are they considered to be good or bad ... 

What are the structural differences between triglycerides (triacylglycerols) and phospholipids ... 

TREATMENT OE LOW HDL-C The most frequent risk factor for premature CHD is low HDL-C. In patients with low HDL-C, the total cholesterol HDL-C ratio is a particularly useful predictor of CHD risk. A favorable ratio is. 5 and a ratio of >4.5 is associated with increased risk. Patients with low HDL-C may have what are considered to be normal total and LDL cholesterol levels however, because of their low HDL-C levels, such patients may be at high risk based on the total cholesterol HDL-C ratio (e.g., a total cholesterol, 180 mg/dL HDL-C, 30 mg/dL ratio, 6). A desirable total cholesterol level in low-HDL-C patients may be considerably lower than 200 mg/dL, especially since low-HDL-C patients may also have moderately elevated triglycerides, which may reflect increased levels of atherogenic remnant lipoproteins. Patients with average or high LDL-C, low HDL-C, and high total cholesterol HDL-C ratios have benefited from treatment. 

What is saponification Write a general equation for the saponification of a triglyceride. What are the ionic products of a saponification reaction more commonly called ... 

Low-density lipoproteins are the migor carriers of cholesterol in the blood. They consist of a core of cholesterol ester molecnles surrounded by a coat of phospholipid molecules, which in turn is wrapped in a single apolipoprotein. Blood also contains what are called chylomicrons. These have a very low phospholipid content and consist mainly of a core of triglycerides coated with a thin layer of protein. 

A surfactant comprises a hydrophobic tail and a hydrophilic head. The balance of hydrophobic and hydrophilic character is what defines the properties and performance of the surfactant. Hydrophobes from fatty acids consist of linear alkyl chains from C8-C22. Coconut oil provides a valuable source of the shorter C8-C14 acids while tallow, palm oil and soya bean oil are rich in C16-C18 acids. The longer C20-C22 chains are obtained from rapeseed. Natural fats and oils are triglycerides comprised of a distribution of different fatty acids and therefore, unless fractionated, the surfactants produced from them also comprise a mixture of chain lengths. While the chain length distribution of an oil or fat varies on a lot-to-lot basis, the differences in composition do not significantly impact the performance of the surfactant in most applications. 

What type of bonds present in the triglycerides are broken during the saponification reaction ... 

The lipases in DeniPrime are for the removal of tallow—a waxy white fat composed mainly of triglycerides. For denim finishers, it is often impossible to know what type of size has been used on the denim. If tallow has been used and it is not fully removed at the start of the processing, streaks and crack marks may result from uneven abrasion. As denim garments are too expensive to reject, the streaks and crack marks are often filled in by hand with dye. All denim finishers are aware of these quality problems and therefore DeniPrime can be seen as a form of insurance. By using DeniPrime, finishers can be sure... 

Amiodarone can cause altered serum lipid concentrations (78). Serum cholesterol rises, as can blood glucose and serum triglyceride concentrations. The mechanisms of these effects are not known nor is it known to what extent they are due to changes in thyroid function. 

First, mobile phase and column we saw that most of the small molecule separations could be made on a C18 column in An/buffer water, with the exception of charged molecules and carbohydrates, which are too water soluble. We saw a range of polarity from fat-soluble vitamins, steroids, triglycerides, chlorinated pesticides eluting in 60-80% An/water, to carbamate, phosphate pesticides, anticonvulsants, antidepressants at 40-50% An/water, to nucleosides, nucleotides, aspirin, and water-soluble vitamins at 5-10% An/water. If you know something about the compound s structure or its solubility, you have a good clue as to what mobile phase can be used for its separation. 

A patient has high fasting plasma total cholesterol and triglyceride values. What lipoproteins are most likely increased ... 

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