Vessel weight

Number of Stages per unit Empty weight Service weight Vessel body Diameter... 

Gross weight (tone/kg) - finished weight vessel + head 364.3 mtonne, 803,0001bs with studs... 

On a land site where space and weight are not normally constraints, advantage can be taken of tank type separation equipment such as wash tanks and settling tanks, and batch processing methods. Such equipment is generally cheaper to maintain than continuous throughput vessels, though a combination of both may be required. 

P or preparations on a larger scale, a stoneware vessel may be conveniently employed and the lowering of temperature achieved by the addition of a quantity of crushed ice equal in weight to that of the hydrochloric acid and water. The mixture should be stirred mechanically. 

When a solid such as charcoal is exposed in a closed space to a gas or vapour at some definite pressure, the solid begins to adsorb the gas and (if the solid is suspended, for example, on a spring balance) by an increase in the weight of the solid and a decrease in the pressure of the gas. After a time the pressure becomes constant at the value p, say, and correspondingly the weight ceases to increase any further. The amount of gas thus adsorbed can be calculated from the fall in pressure by application of the gas laws if the volumes of the vessel and of the solid are known or it can be determined directly as the increase in weight of the solid in the case where the spring balance is used. 

Supercritical CO2 is used to extract fat from candy bars. Samples are placed in an extraction vessel and its weight determined before and after extraction. The %w/w fat content is determined by difference. The volume of CO2 needed to effect a complete extraction is determined experimentally. Variations in results for different samples illustrate the importance of sampling. 

Glycolysis is claimed to be somewhat less cosdy than methan olysis (33). Depolymerization is not taken completely to monomers (34). Rather, recovered PET is depolymerized to low molecular weight oligomers. Contaminants are removed using proprietary technology. The oligomers are then fed to a melt polymerization vessel in which PET is produced. 

As a vessel is loaded, it moves downward because of deflection of the load cells and support stmcture. Pipes rigidly attached to a vessel restrict its free movement and assume some portion of the load that cannot be measured by the load cells. This is very detrimental to scale accuracy. Deflection of the load cell is unavoidable deflection of the vessel support stmcture should be minimized. Anything which increases vessel deflection, eg, mbber pads used for shock protection, must be avoided. The total number of pipes should be minimized and be of the smallest diameter, thinnest wall possible. Pipe mns to weigh vessels must be horizontal and the first pipe support should be as far as possible from the vessel. Alternatively, a section of mbber hose or flexible bellows should be used to make the final connection to the vessel. The scale should be caUbrated using weights, not by means of an electrical simulation method, which cannot account for the effects of the piping or test the correct functioning of the scale. 

The basic concepts of a gas-fluidized bed are illustrated in Figure 1. Gas velocity in fluidized beds is normally expressed as a superficial velocity, U, the gas velocity through the vessel assuming that the vessel is empty. At a low gas velocity, the soHds do not move. This constitutes a packed bed. As the gas velocity is increased, the pressure drop increases until the drag plus the buoyancy forces on the particle overcome its weight and any interparticle forces. At this point, the bed is said to be minimally fluidized, and this gas velocity is termed the minimum fluidization velocity, The bed expands slightly at this condition, and the particles are free to move about (Fig. lb). As the velocity is increased further, bubbles can form. The soHds movement is more turbulent, and the bed expands to accommodate the volume of the bubbles. 

The gasification reactor is a vertical, empty, steel pressure vessel with a refractory lining into which preheated feedstock and steam are introduced premixed with oxygen. Steam-to-oil weight ratio is 0.35 1 the oxygen-to-oil ratio is 1.05 1. 

Dip Stick Indicators. Visual level indication can be obtained by dropping a weighted cable or rigid dip stick into the media until it reaches the bottom of the vessel. Graduations are marked on the cable or stick. Upon retrieval the operator looks for the point of dry vs wet indicating the depth of the media. This method of level indication is useful in ambient/atmospheric appHcations in nonha2ardous environments. It is not recommended for other appHcations. Measurements are accurate only to the extent of the skill of the operator. 

A solution of sodium cyanide [143-33-9] (ca 25%) in water is heated to 65—70°C in a stainless steel reaction vessel. An aqueous solution of sodium chloroacetate [3926-62-3] is then added slowly with stirring. The temperature must not exceed 90°C. Stirring is maintained at this temperature for one hour. Particular care must be taken to ensure that the hydrogen cyanide, which is formed continuously in small amounts, is trapped and neutrali2ed. The solution of sodium cyanoacetate [1071 -36-9] is concentrated by evaporation under vacuum and then transferred to a glass-lined reaction vessel for hydrolysis of the cyano group and esterification. The alcohol and mineral acid (weight ratio 1 2 to 1 3) are introduced in such a manner that the temperature does not rise above 60—80°C. For each mole of ester, ca 1.2 moles of alcohol are added. 

Explosion-welded constmction has equivalent or better properties than the more compHcated riveted systems. Peripheral benefits include weight savings and perfect electrical grounding. In addition to lower initial installation costs, the welded system requires tittle or no maintenance and, therefore minimizes life-cycle costs. Applications of stmctural transition joints include aluminum superstmctures that are welded to decks of naval vessels and commercial ships as illustrated in Figure 11. 

MultiwaU. shipping sacks are suitable for transport in aU kinds of carriers from tmcks to seafaring vessels. Particular care must be taken to prevent the storage of objects with sharp projections adjacent to the bags in case of doubt, it is advisable to line the enclosure with kraft paper of a basis weight >23 kg. Additional rules for the transportation of multiwaU sacks are contained in appHcable tariff specifications and should be consulted for rail, tmck, and ocean-going shipments. 

Wood also contains 3—10% of extraceUulat, low molecular weight constituents, many of which can be extracted from the wood using neutral solvents and therefore ate commonly caUed extractives. These include the food reserves, the fats and their esters in parenchyma ceUs, the terpenes and resin acids in epitheUal ceUs and resin ducts, and phenoUc materials in the heartwood. Resin materials occur in the vessels of some hardwood heartwood. 

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