Water utility benefits

Chlorine dioxide uses expanded rapidly in the industrial sector. In 1944, chlorine dioxide was first applied for taste and odor control at a water treatment plant in Niagara Falls, New York. Other water plants recognized the uses and benefits of chlorine dioxide. In 1958, a national survey determined that 56 U.S. water utilities were using chlorine dioxide. The number of plants using chlorine dioxide has grown more slowly since that time. 

Whenever it is not possible to dispose of chlorinated waters safely by non-chemical methods, chlorine must be neutralized using dechlorination chemicals. Several solid, liquid, and gaseous dechlorination chemicals are commercially available and are widely used by water and wastewater utilities. Benefits and limitations of various chemicals used for dechlorination are summarized below. 

Colorado Springs Utilities, an innovative western water utility that has been researching multiple uses of water resources, estimates the benefits would be worth more than 500,000 per year, not including windfalls from high electricity... 

Rabin (2008) relates how old municipal water systems used lead pipes to dehver water to homes. This was recognized as a public health threat in the 1800s, and in the early part of the twentieth century municipalities began to prohibit lead service lines. This movement was countered by the Lead Industry Association (LIA), which began a public campaign to commend the benefits of using lead pipes. Problems remain to this day, as the federal Lead and Copper Rule (LCR) requires water companies to initiate lead water pipe replacement when lead levels in water exceed 15 parts per billion (ppb). But the LCR allows water utilities to replace only the public portion of lead pipes. The private portion of these pipes, from the main service line to a house, can be left in place. Renner (2007) describes that when partial replacement is undertaken, that disturbance results in a rise in lead levels in water. Millions of homes in the U.S. have lead service lines as part of their water supply systems (McCartney 2010). 

For argument sake, let s say that 4,500 of the 6,000 total cost is for lower energy and water costs over say a wet scrubber, and that 7,000 of the 10,000 in benefits is due to utility savings one could then use them to offset each other. Mathematically, then, both the numerator and denominator of the ratio could be reduced by 4,500 with the following effect ... 

The ability to perform the AE reaetion under eatalytie eonditions via the addition of moleeular sieves has greatly enhaneed the synthetie utility of the reaetion. For water-soluble epoxy aleohols, the eatalytie eonditions are benefieial for both enantioseleetivity and isolated yield. In addition, epoxy aleohols that are suseeptible to ring opening via nueleophilie substitution at the C-3 position also greatly benefit from eatalytie eonditions, sinee the substitution reaetion is known to be promoted by Ti(IV) speeies. 

Primary metals manufacturing operations have experienced source reduction and recycle/reuse benefits similar to those available to metal finishing operations, including conserving waters through countercurrent rinsing techniques, and utilizing electrolytic recovery, customized resins, selective membranes, and adsorbents to separate metal impurities from acid/caustic dips and rinsewaters to thereby allow for recycle and reuse. 

A possible alternative for the use of organic solvents (many of which are on the black hst), is the extensive utilization of water as a solvent. This provides a golden opportunity for biocatalysis, since the replacement of classic chemical methods in organic solvents by enz5matic procedures in water, at ambient temperature, can provide both environmental and economic benefits. Similarly, there is a marked trend toward organometalhc catalysis in aqueous biphasic systems and other nonconventional media, such as fluorous biphasic, supercritical carbon dioxide, and ionic liquids. 

It should be pointed out that these studies were carried out on pure proteins, without the benefit of formulation aids. Additives such as diluents and lubricants would certainly function to reduce the energy applied during the compaction process. However, although suitable for oral use, many orally acceptable diluents are toxic when used parenterally. Thus, the only variable that could be utilized for the compaction of a pure protein might be the residual water level in the protein itself. This information would probably be needed when formulating a compressed pellet for subdermal administration or some other parenteral route. 

In water, chlorine hydrolyzes to form hypochlorous acid, which is the primary active biocidal species. With increase in pH, hypochlorous acid dissociates (ionizes) to the virtually inactive hypochlorite ion. Thus, in order to utilize the cost-effective benefits of chlorine, the pH of the cooling... 

And, while it is no doubt true that learning all about modem water treatment technology is seldom a top priority for most production or utility engineers, some understanding of the practical application and the market forces within the industry must be of benefit to them as they work with service companies and strive to get good value for money. 

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