Water-soluble organic compounds

A triangular diagram shows the range of explosive mixtures in the hydrogen peroxide-benzene-water ternary system, and also includes data for various oxygenated water-soluble organic compounds. 

Soluble organic matter About 0.05-0.40% organic C and total N Water soluble organic compounds present in soil solution including simple compounds of plant and microbial origin. 

The LLE of relatively polar and water-soluble organic compounds is, in general, difficult. The recovery obtained from 11 of water with dichloromethane is 90% for Atrazine but lower for its more polar, degradation products, i.e., di-isopropyl- (16%), di-ethyl- (46%),andhydroxy-atrazine (46%). By carrying out LLE with a mixture of dichloromethane and ethyl acetate with 0.2 mol/1 ammonium formate, the extraction recoveries for the three degradation products were increased to 62 %, 87 %, and 65 %, respectively [437]. 

Simoneit BRT, Elias VO, Kobayashi M, Kawamura K, Rushdi AI, Medeiros PM, Rogge WE Didyk BM, Sugars — dominant water-soluble organic compounds in soils and characterization as tracers in atmospheric particulate matter. Environ Sci Technol 38 5939-5949, 2004. 

Graham B, Mayol-Bracero OL, Guyon P, Roberts GC, Decesari S, Facchini MG, Artaxo P, Maenhaut W, Koll P, Andreae MO, Water-soluble organic compounds in biomass burning aerosols over Amazonia. 1. Characterization... 

WATER-AIR EQUILIBRATION. McAuliffe (6) introduced a multiple phase equilibrium procedure for the qualitative separation of hydrocarbons from water-soluble organic compounds. For n-alkanes, more than 99% were found to partition in the gas phase after two equilibrations with equal volumes of gas and aqueous solution. Cycloalkanes require three equilibrations to be essentially completely removed, and oxygen-containing organic compounds (e.g., alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, and acids) remain in the aqueous layer. Thus, after equilibration with equal volumes of gas, an immediate clue is given regarding the identification of the compound. More details of this technique can be found in Chapter 7. 

The successful use of commercial surfactants above CMC to increase the apparent water solubility of otherwise slightly soluble nonionic organic compounds is well documented (Kile and Chiou 1989 Smith et al. 1991). Kile and Chiou (1989) determined that the apparent water solubilities ofp,p -DDT and 1,2,3-trichlorobenzene are increased by surfactants (Triton X-100, Triton X-114, Triton X-405, sodiumdodecylsulfate, and Brij 35) at concentrations above CMC. The apparent water solubility of p,p -DDT was increased two orders of magnitude by Triton X-114. It is believed that the inner region of a micelle acts as a nonpolar micellar pseudophase into which slightly water-soluble organic compounds can be solubilized (Kile and Chiou 1989 Smith et al. 1991 DiCesare and Smith 1994). 

However, not every aerosol particle serves as CCN. Accumulation mode aerosols provide the nuclei for most cloud drops (Penner et al., 2001). As in the case of anthropogenic and natural sulphate particles, OAs can also serve as CCN (Ramanathan et al., 2001). Additionally, the presence of water-soluble organic compounds in the particles and the presence of soluble gases (HN03) in the atmosphere can amplify the CCN activity of the aerosols and further increase the concentration of cloud droplets and the indirect forcing (Charlson et al., 2001). Also, biomass... 

Cappiello, A., Simoni, E., Fiorucci, C., Mangani,F., Palma, P.,Trufelli, H., Decesari, S., Facchini, M. C., and Fuzzi, S. (2003). Molecular characterization of the water-soluble organic compounds in fogwater by ESIMS/MS. Environ. Sci. Technol. 37,1229-1240. 

Chan, M. N., Choi, M. Y., Ng, N. L., and Chan, C. K. (2005). Hygroscopicity of water-soluble organic compounds in atmospheric aerosols Amino acids and biomass burning derived organic species. Environ. Sci. Technol. 39,1555-1562. 

Decesari, S., Facchini, M. C., Matta, E., Lettini, F., Mircea, M., Fuzzi, S., Tagliavini, E., and Putaud, J.-P. (2001). Chemical features and seasonal variation of fine aerosol water-soluble organic compounds in the Po Valley, Italy. Atmos. Environ. 35, 3691-3699. 

Duarte, R. M. B. O., and Duarte, A. C. (2005). Application of non-ionic solid sorbents (XAD resins) for the isolation and fractionation of water-soluble organic compounds from atmospheric aerosols. J. Atmos. Chem. 51,79-93. 

Figure 15.12. XH NMR spectra of aqueous soluble species from (A) coarse air particles with diameters of 33-4.7mm (pH 6.55) (B) fine air particles with diameters of 0.65-1.1 mm (pH 3.92). Compounds identified in the spectra include 1, acetic acid 2, monomethylamine 3, succinic acid 4, dimethylamine 5, methanesulfonic acid 6, methanol 7, monomethyl hydrogen sulfate 8, hydroxymethanesulfonic acid 9, phthalic acid 10, terephthalic acid. Reprinted from Suzuki, Y., Kawakami, M., and Akasaka, K. (2001). JH NMR application for characterizing water-soluble organic compounds in urban atmospheric particles. Environ. Sci. Technol. 35, 2656-2664, with permission from the American Chemical Society.

Suzuki, Y., Kawakami, M., and Akasaka, K. (2001). H NMR application for characterizing water-soluble organic compounds in urban atmospheric particles. Environ. Sci. Technol. 35,2656-2664. 

Analysis of aerosol samples obtained at several locations in Western Europe has shown that about 60% of the content of organic carbon in tropospheric aerosol is the share of water-soluble organic compounds. According to observational data, at a rural location in Austria, mono- and dicarboxylic acids constitute about 11 % (with respect to the total content of organic carbon in cloud water). While insoluble organic compounds hamper the assimilation of water by aerosol, soluble organic matter, as a rule, favors water assimilation. 

Water-soluble organic compounds such as simple sugars, free amino acids, and organic acids are readily available for utilization by the vast majority of microorganisms. Root exudates also contribute significantly to the water-soluble pool of rapidly metabolized organic materials. 

Water-soluble organic compounds in urban atmospheric particles can also contain organosulfur compounds. Methanesulfonic acid and hydroxymethanesulfonic acid have been found as the major organosulfur compounds in urban aerosols, most particularly in particles with the diameter range of 0.43-1.1 p.m. Monomethyl hydrogen sulfate has also been detected on urban particles from localities where no oil or coal power plant exist (Suzuki et al., 2001). 

Fujita M, Watanabe N, Sakota N, Suematsu H, Harada K, Inoue S, and Isozaki C. Membranes for separation of water soluble organic compounds. Japanese Patent 04090833, 1992. 

Thinking Critically Suggest a reason for the observation that water-soluble organic compounds with carboxyl groups exhibit acidic properties in solutions, whereas similar compounds with aldehyde structures do not. 

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