Organ metabolism

Hobara T, Kobayashi H, Kawamoto T, et al. 1986. Extrahepatic organs metabolism of inhaled trichloroethylene. Toxicology 41 289-303. 

Kelly DP (1971) Autotrophy concepts of lithotrophic bacteria and their organic metabolism. Anna Rev Microbiol 25 177-210. 

Cain RB, RF Bilton, JA Darrah (1968) The metabolism of aromatic acids by micro-organisms. Metabolic pathways in the fungi. Biochem J 108 797-828. 

For mechanistic studies => to test some hypothesis about a reaction mechanism or about how a certain organism metabolizes a compound => often need to synthesize a particularly labeled compound (with deuterium, tritium, or C). 

System 6. soil-soil solution, air (IV) atmospheric air (III, 27) soil animals (VI) biological reactions of organisms, metabolism, exudates, including microbial exudates (VI) into soils (VI IV) into waters (II, 4b) into air as aerosols... 

If toxicology can be described as the study of the effects of a chemical on an organism, metabolism can be described as the opposite the effects of the organism on the chemical. Metabolism refers to a process by which a drug (xenobiotic) is chemically modified by an organism. It is part of the overall process of disposition of... 

Candidate gene Metal tolerance Metal accumulation Organics tolerance Organics metabolism... 

Coenzyme M was shown to function as the central cofactor of aliphatic epoxide carboxylation in Xanthobacter strain Py2, an aerobe from the Bacteria domain (AUen et al. 1999). The organism metabolizes short-chain aliphatic alkenes via oxidation to epoxyalkanes, followed by carboxylation to p-ketoacids. An enzyme in the pathway catalyzes the addition of coenzyme M to epoxypropane to form 2-(2-hydroxypropylthio)ethanesulfonate. This intermediate is oxidized to 2-(2-ketopropylthio)ethanesulfonate, followed by a NADPH-dependent cleavage and carboxylation of the P-ketothioether to form acetoacetate and coenzyme M. This is the only known function for coenzyme M outside the methanoarchaea. 

We have just seen that anaerobic organisms metabolize pyruvate from the glycolytic pathway by various means, but that the prime objective is to reoxidize NADH to NAD+. In aerobic organisms, reoxidation of NADH is achieved via oxidative phosphorylation, generating ATP in the process, and... 

In higher organisms, metabolic and other processes (growth, differentiation, control of the internal environment) are controlled by hormones (see pp. 370ff)... 

Alkaloids play a very important role in organism metabolism and functional activity. They are metabolic products in plants, animals and micro-organisms. They occur in both vertebrates and invertebrates as endogenous and exogenous compounds. Many of them have a distributing effect on the nervous systems of animals. Alkaloids are the oldest successfully used drugs throughout the historical treatment of many diseases ... 

In sum, biotransformations may be limited by (1) delivery of the chemical to the organisms metabolic apparatus capable of transforming the chemical, (2) the enzyme s ability to mediate the initial transformation of the chemical, or (3) the growth of a population of microorganisms in response to the presence of a new substrate. Depending on what limits the rate of biotransformation, different mathematical frameworks are required to describe the kinetics of the process both with respect to the nature of the equations and the parameters they require. 

Ovadi J, Saks V. 2004. On the origin of intracellular compartmentation and organized metabolic systems. Molec Cel Biochem 256/257 5-12. 

Morowitz, H.J. 1999. A theory of biochemical organization, metabolic pathways, and evolution. Complexity 4 39-53. 

WALLIG, M.A., GOULD, D.H., FETTMAN, M.J., Comparative toxicities of the naturally occuring nitrile l-cyano-3,4-epithiobutane and the synthetic nitrile n-valeronitrile in rats differences in target organs, metabolism and toxic mechanisms., Fd. Chem. Toxic., 1988,26, 149-157. 

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