Water soluble adjuvant

MDP muramyl dipeptide (N-acetyl-muramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine) WSA Water Soluble Adjuvant AL multi-poly-D, L-alanyl-poly-L-lysine... 

In 1972, however, Adam et al. 3) showed that hydrosoluble products, obtained by lysozyme treatment of purified cell walls, or delipidated cells were more active than Wax D and cell walls. Among these, the best defined, called WSA (Water Soluble Adjuvant) (enclosed by frame. .. in Fig. 2) has a molecular weight of approximately 20.000 daltons and consists of an arabinogalactan linked to a peptidoglycan. It can also be prepared from Nocardia strains 4) similar products from Mycobacteria where obtained by Migliore and Jolles by autolysis of human strains (52) and by Hiu from hydrogenolysis products of BCG (27). 

NAGAI, T., IIDA, Y. and YONEJi, T. (2003) Field trials of a vaccine with water-soluble adjuvant for bacterial coldwater disease in ayu Plecoglossus altivelis. Fish Pathology 38, 63-65. 

As shown in Table 5.5.1,15% of the silicone surfactants annually used were disposed of via wastewater treatment plants [6], but no studies have addressed their fate or persistence in this environmental compartment. Due to the hydrolytic instability and tendency for sorption to surfaces, it is generally thought that limited persistence of the parent molecule in aqueous systems should occur. Consequently more attention has been focused on interactions with solid media such as that resulting from direct application as agricultural adjuvants, and in re-use of sludge. Increased water solubility for the degradation products of trisiloxane surfactants has, however, been observed [10,12,15], demonstrating the need to also monitor the... 

Diazepam, lorazepam, and midazolam are used for preanesthetic medication and as adjuvants during surgical procedures performed under local anesthesia. As a result of their sedative, anxiolytic, and amnestic properties, and their ability to control acute agitation, these compounds are considered to be the drugs of choice for premedication. (The basic pharmacology of benzodiazepines is discussed in Chapter 22.) Diazepam and lorazepam are not water-soluble, and their intravenous use necessitates nonaqueous vehicles, which cause pain and local irritation. Midazolam is water-soluble and is the benzodiazepine of choice for parenteral administration. It is important that the drug becomes lipid-soluble at physiologic pH and can readily cross the blood-brain barrier to produce its central effects. 

Kensil CR, Kammer R. QS-21 a water-soluble triterpene glycoside adjuvant. Exp Opin Invest Drugs 1998 7 1475-1482. 

Kensil, C.R., and R. Kammer. 1998. QS-21 A water soluble triterpene glycoside adjuvant. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 9 1475. 

Most antigens require an adjuvant to increase their immunogenicity and a number of formulations can be used. Regulations on their use should be consulted prior to embarking on a course of immunizations. For many years Freund s complete and incomplete adjuvant were the formulation of choice for all immunization work. In recent years welfare issues have been raised over the use of these adjuvants and a number of alternatives based on water-soluble bacterial cell wall components have become available. 

Rectal absorption of drugs from aqueous or alcoholic solutions is generally much faster than from suppositories. Non-surfactant adjuvants, such as salicylates, increase rectal absorption of water-soluble drugs and also of high molecular weight compounds, such as insulin, heparin, and gastrin. 

The peptide moiety of wax D fractions of human strains seems to be necessary for the activity of these fractions as immunological adjuvants (see p. 235) this may be due to the close chemical similarity between the structure of the water-soluble portion of wax D and the cell wall of Mycobacteria, since the latter contains the same three amino acids (alanine, glutamic acid, and a, c-diaminopimelic acid) and the same sugars (arabinose, mannose, galactose, and aminohexoses). Wax D of human strains might be considered to be a monomer of the cell wall, heavily esterified with mycolic acid. 

Menthol (3-glucoside is a water-soluble, non-irritating prodrug of menthol that can be used, like glucovaniUin, the 3-D-glucoside of vanillin, as a pharmaceutic flavor adjuvant. The use of sugar moieties as drug carriers has been reviewed by Chavis and Imbach. ... 

Adjuvants, such as aluminum salts or mineral oils, alter the physical state of water-soluble immunogens by forming depots and lower the rates of elimination. This results in a prolonged persistence of the immunogen in tissues and a continuous stimulation of the immune system, which can be mimicked by daily injections of very small amounts of immunogen (Herbert, 1966). 

Many pesticides are insoluble in water and biologically inactive if they are not formulated with surfactants (adjuvants). Even water-soluble compounds may be inactive when applied as unformulated material (7). The technical rationale for incorporating adjuvants into pesticides includes improved wetting, rain fastness and increased penetration. 

The basic physico-chemical properties of the fatty amine surfactants drive their utilities as adjuvants. Such molecules consist of a water-insoluble hydrophobic unit, in this case derived from tallow fatty acid. The water-soluble unit of the molecules consist of two chains of polymeric alkoxides, in these cases ethylene oxide and/or another alkylene oxide, such as propylene oxide. A nitrogen atom in the middle of the molecule connects the water-soluble and water-insoluble parts. Due to the electronic properties of nitrogen with respect to the carbon atom connectors which are usual in surfactants, the molecule has an overall cationic character, thus resulting in improved substantivity (adherence) to the leaf surface. 

Hiu, I. J. Water-soluble, and lipid-free fraction from BCG, with, adjuvant and antitumor activity. Nature New Biology 238, 241 (1972). 

Hydroxyethyl methyl cellulose. HEMC [9032-42-2] Prepared by etherification of alkaline cellulose with chloromethane and oxirane. Commercial samples have methyl DS values of 1.3 - 2.2 and hydroxyethyl MS values of 0.06 - 0.5. Thickening and binding agent with widespread industrial uses in adhesives, building products, films, wetting agents. Pharmaceutical adjuvant. Better water solubility and electrolyte tolerance than methyl cellulose. Thermally gellable in hot water. Soly in org. soivs. varies with DS value. 

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