Nocardia strain

In a continuation of this work, the degradation of pyridine was studied in the presence of Nocardia strain Zl. Glutaric acid semialdehyde was produced as an intermediate product. The C2-N pyridine ring cleavage was evidenced by the formation of an intermediate product with five atoms. Therefore, the authors proposed the pathway shown in Fig. 28, for the metabolism of pyridine by Nocardia strain Zl. 

In summary, two general pathways are now accepted as the reaction basis of pyridine degradation by bacteria. One involves (i) hydroxylation reactions, followed by reduction, e.g., on Bacillus strain 4 and the other (ii) (aerobic) reductive pathway(s) not initiated by hydroxylations, e.g., on Nocardia strain Zl [348], Two review articles, one by Kaiser [320] and the other by Fetzner [326] gave the complete microbial metabolic pathways for several nitrogen compounds carried out in the presence of a variety of microorganisms, some of them previously studied by Professor Lingens [349], The complete degradation pathways of pyridine are shown in Fig. 29. 

From Nocardia strains several closely related compounds (nocobactins, formo-bactin, amamistatins) were isolated that contain three typically Fe " binding sites, two hydroxamate units, and ahydroxyphenyloxazole stmcture (cf. Sect. 3.2 below). The C-terminus is A-hydroxy-cyc/o-Lys bound to a long chain 3-hydroxy fatty acid, whose hydroxy group is esterified by A -acyl-A -hydroxy-Lys, the a-amino group of which is bound to 2-o-hydroxyphenyl-5-methyl-oxazole-4-carboxylic acid (Table 4). For the amamistatins the configuration of the cyclic lysine was determined as L, the open one as d, and that of C-3 of the fatty acid as (S). The involvement in the iron metabolism was not investigated. 

Giardi, M.T., M.C. Giardina, and G. Filacchioni. 1985. Chemical and biological degradation of primary metabolites of atrazine by a.Nocardia strain. Agric. Biol. Chem. 49 1551-1558. 

Biodegradation 100% degraded by Nocardia strain NCIB 10603 within one week (Baxter et al. 1975 quoted, Pal et al. 1980). 

The partial oxidation of polyalkylated aromatic compounds is also observed. o-Xylene is oxidized to o-toluic acid by heating with ozone and oxygen at 115-120 °C in the presence of cobalt acetate in acetic acid (yield 77%) [68] or by refluxing with dilute nitric acid (1 2) (yield 53-55%) [463]. In p-cymene (p-isopropylbenzene), the isopropyl group is oxidized in preference to the methyl group to give a 51% yield of p-toluic acid on refluxing with dilute nitric acid (1 36) [464]. On the contrary, biochemical oxidation with Nocardia strain 107-332 converts p-cymene into p-isopropylbenzoic acid [1071]. 

Biochemical oxidations of side chains proceed without degradation or with only limited degradation. Both ethylbenzene and butylbenzene, and even dodecylbenzene, give phenylacetic acid on incubation at 30 °C with Nocardia strain 107-332 (equation 182) [1071]. 

In 1956 Cephalosporin C (34) had been isolated and it was also obtained in 1961 from a variety of Cephalosporium in the vicinity of a Sardinian sewage outlet. Although it had appeared for some time that only penicillins and cephalosporins containing fi -lactam in association with S-containing rings were endowed with anti-bacterial action, the isolation of thienamycin (35) a very active and broad spectrum compound from a Streptomyces and of nocardin (36) from a Nocardia strain (ref.35) disproved this generalisation. 

The fermentation of streptomycin was modified by Heding to yield N-demethylstreptomycin (6). Mannosidohydroxystreptomycin was obtained by fermenting with a Nocardia strain. ... 

In 1972, however, Adam et al. 3) showed that hydrosoluble products, obtained by lysozyme treatment of purified cell walls, or delipidated cells were more active than Wax D and cell walls. Among these, the best defined, called WSA (Water Soluble Adjuvant) (enclosed by frame. .. in Fig. 2) has a molecular weight of approximately 20.000 daltons and consists of an arabinogalactan linked to a peptidoglycan. It can also be prepared from Nocardia strains 4) similar products from Mycobacteria where obtained by Migliore and Jolles by autolysis of human strains (52) and by Hiu from hydrogenolysis products of BCG (27). 

Maytansine, an ansa macrolide (D 4), which occurs in a Nocardia strain... 

Nocardia strain, contains 3,4-0-methvlene- -diEitoxose linked to the... 

Nocardia strains were used by Leipold et al. [86] to generate the following ursolic acid derivatives (Figure 28.35) Nocardia sp. 45077 synthesized ursonic acid (103) and 3-oxoursa-l,12-dien-28-oic acid (104). Nocardia sp. 46002 produced only ursonic acid and Nocardia sp. 43069 showed no metabolism at all. Nocardia sp. NRRL 5646 (previously used for the methylation of lupane and olean families PTs [42,43]), Nocardia sp. 44822, and Nocardia sp. 44000 generated ursolic acid methyl ester (105), ursonic acid (103) and its methyl ester (106), and 3-oxoursa-l,12-dien-28-oic acid (104) and its me yl ester (107). 

Natural mbber, the other natural hydrocarbon polymer, consisting mainly of cfr-l,4-polyisoprene is relatively resistant to microbial attack in comparison to other natural polymers. A number of micro-organisms have been reported to degrade natural rubber. An enzyme which degrades the mbber was isolated from the extracellular culture medium of Xanthomonas sp., and the erude fractions which are capable of depolymerizing natural mbber in the latex state have been reported.The same authors " reported on a Nocardia strain that used natural mbber as its sole carbon source. 

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