Immunological adjuvant

Van Rooyen, N. (1988). Liposomes as immunological adjuvants Recent developments, in Liposomes as Drug Carriers Recent Trends and Progress (G. Gregoriadis, ed.), John Wiley and Sons, New York, pp. 159-167. 

O Hagan DT (1998) Recent advances in immunological adjuvants the development of particulate antigen delivery systems. Exp Opin Invest Drugs 7 349-359... 

Allison, A.C., and Gregoriadis, G. (1974) Liposomes as immunological adjuvants. Nature (London) 252, 252. 

Sun, H., Ye, Y., and Pan, Y. (2005b). Immunological-adjuvant saponins from the roots of Panax notoginseng. Chem. Biodiver. 2, 510-515. 

Yoshikawa, M., Morikawa, T., Yashiro, K., Murakami, T., Yamahara, J., and Matsuda, H. (2001). Bioactive saponins and glycosides. XIX. Notoginseng (3) Immunological adjuvant activity of notoginsenosides and related saponins Structures of notoginsenosides-L, -M, and -N from the roots of Panax notoginseng (Burk.) F. H. Chen. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 49, 1452-1456. 

Gregoriadis G. Immunological adjuvants a role for liposomes. Immunol Today 1990 11 89-97. 

Kim, S.K., Ragupathi, G., Musselli, G., Choi, S.J., Park, Y.S. and Livingston, P.O. (1999) Comparison of the effect of different immunological adjuvants on the antibody and T-cell response to immunization with MUC1 -KLH and GD3-KLH conjugate cancer vaccines. Vaccine, 18,597-603. 

Kato H, Shibano M, Saito T, et al. 1994. Relationship between hemolytic activity and adsorption capacity of aluminum hydroxide and calcium phosphate as immunological adjuvants for biologicals. Microbiol Immunol 38 543-548. 

Crane, R.T. Aqueous immunologic adjuvant compositions of monophosphoryl lipid A. U.S. Patent 6,491,919 B2 (2002). 

Kowhi, Y., Hashimoto, Y., and Tamura, Z., Antitumor and immunological adjuvant effect of Bifidobacteria infantis in mice, Bifidobacteria Microflora, 1, 61-68, 1982. 

An explanation for this gel formation is sought in the phase transition behavior of span 60. At the elevated temperature (60 °C) which exceeds the span 60 membrane phase transition temperature (50 °C) [154], it is assumed that span 60 surfactant molecules are self-assembled to form a liquid crystal phase. The liquid crystal phase stabilizes the water droplets within the oil. However, below the phase transition temperature the gel phase persists and it is likely that the monolayer stabilizing the water collapses and span 60 precipitates within the oil. The span 60 precipitate thus immobilizes the liquid oil to form a gel. Water channels are subsequently formed when the w/o droplets collapse. This explanation is plausible as the aqueous volume marker CF was identified within these elongated water channels and non-spherical aqueous droplets were formed within the gel [153]. These v/w/o systems have been further evaluated as immunological adjuvants. 

Freund s adjuvant) used with an antigen to improve the immune response (antibody formation secondary to B-cell activation). Incomplete Freund s adjuvant does not contain the bacterial cells and is used to avoid an inflammatory response. See White, R.G., Factor affecting the antibody response, Br. Med. Bull. 19, 207-213, 1963 White, R.G., Antigen adjuvants, Mod. Trends Immunol. 2, 28-52, 1967 Myrvik, Q.N., Adjuvants, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 221, 324-330, 1974 Osebold, J.W., Mechanisms for action by immunologic adjuvants, J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 181, 983-987, 1982 Warren, H.S., Vogel, F.R., and Chedid, L.A., Current status of... 

Sun H, Chen Y, Ye Y. Ginsenoside Re and notoginsenoside Ri immunological adjuvants with low haemolytic effect. Chem. Biodivers. 2006 3 718-726. 

Kreuter, J. Haenzel, I. Mode of action of immunological adjuvants some physicochemical factors influencing the effectivity of polyacrylic adjuvants. Infect Immun 1978, 19, 667-675. 

No amino acid has been found in these wax D preparations, and they are inactive as immunological adjuvants (sec p. 235). 

Wax D of Avian and Saprophytic Strains.—These fractions are also mycolic esters of polysaccharides they have not yet been examined in detail. They are devoid of amino acids and are also inactive as immunological adjuvants (see p. 235). 

The peptide moiety of wax D fractions of human strains seems to be necessary for the activity of these fractions as immunological adjuvants (see p. 235) this may be due to the close chemical similarity between the structure of the water-soluble portion of wax D and the cell wall of Mycobacteria, since the latter contains the same three amino acids (alanine, glutamic acid, and a, c-diaminopimelic acid) and the same sugars (arabinose, mannose, galactose, and aminohexoses). Wax D of human strains might be considered to be a monomer of the cell wall, heavily esterified with mycolic acid. 

Vaccine Type Peptide Sequence(s) Glyco- Antigen(s) Carrier Molecule Immunological Adjuvant... 

Immunological Adjuvant Model System Cancer Antibody Response CTL Response Reference... 

The results presented here demonstrate that immunoglohulin and cellular immune responses are ohserved with unglycosylated mucin-based peptide-only vaccines. Whether antibodies or T-cells become the predominant species in the immune response is most likely dependent upon the choice of immunological adjuvant and/or carrier protein used in the vaccine formulation. 

O Hagan DT, Palin K, Davis SS, et al. Microparticles as potentially orally active immunological adjuvants. Vaccine 1989 7 421-424. 

PETTY, R.E. STEWARD, M.W. (1977) The effect of immunological adjuvants on the relative affinity of anti-protein antibodies. Immunology, 32,49-55. 

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