Water Monitoring Networks

Water monitoring stations are well marked and well studied locations at which water properties can be measured continuously or periodically, and representative water samples can be collected for laboratory analyses. Examples include sites along rivers, lakes, ponds, sea shores, piezometers, wells (both operating and observation wells), and springs. 

Water monitoring networks are organized in order to provide 

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2 Surveys of Inventories Related to the Planning and Running of Water Monitoring Networks 

A monitoring network can be planned only if its objectives are defined, and for that the inventory of the monitored area has to be known in the following terms (Figs. 18.1 and 18.2)  

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Since diazinon is not a priority pollutant and has not been considered to pose serious threats from bioconcentration or bioaccumulation in fish and shellfish species, it has attracted far less attention in the United States than persistent organochlorines like DDT or chlordane in routine surface water monitoring networks. Carey and Kutz (1985) reported that the maximum diazinon residue collected in a national surface water monitoring program conducted from 1976 to 1980 was 2.38 ppb and that diazinon was detected in only 1.2% of the samples collected. More recently, Pereira and Hostettler (1993) conducted a study of the Mississippi River and its tributaries during 1991 and 1992. These authors reported that... 

Fig. 18.1 Example of a land use map needed for the proper planing of a water monitoring network.

Evans C. D. and Monteith D. T. (2001) Chemical trends at lakes and streams in the UK acid waters monitoring network, 1988-2000 evidence for recent recovery at a national scale. Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. 5, 351-366. 

Evans C. D., Monteith D. T., and Harriman R. (2001c) Longterm variability in the deposition of marine ions at west coast sites in the UK acid waters monitoring network impacts on surface water chemistry and significance for trend determination. Sci. Tot. Environ. 265, 115-129. 

An ideal ground water monitoring network would continuously provide data for all constituents of concern in all areas of concern. In reality, most ground water monitoring programs have, until recently, looked for very few toxic organic chemicals in very few places, very infrequently. 

Redefinition of the surface water monitoring networks in compliance with the Water Framework Directive, taking into account the results of the comparison mentioned in the previous point. 

Monitoring of the composition of rain water in Switzerland began in 1985 at five different sites in the frame of the National Air Pollution Monitoring Network [24]. In Table 1 average concentrations of sulfate, nitrate, and ammonium at the site... 

TSC (Taiwan Sugar Company) (2003) Groundwater Quality by the Taiwan Groundwater Monitoring Network (5/5), Taiwan Sugar Company (TSC), Taiwan Water Resources Bureau, Taipei. 

Figure 30.3 Location of wells in the USGS midwestern groundwater monitoring network. (A) Location of wells (mostly drinking water) sampled in the USGS midwestern groundwater monitoring network during 1991-1994. (B) Location of municipal drinking water wells sampled in Iowa during 1995-1998.

Mahar PS, Datta B (1997) Optimal monitoring network and ground-water pollution source identification. J Water Resour Planning Manag 123 199-207... 

Fig. 18.2 Water inventory map that includes the water monitoring stations and all the existing wells. The latter may be checked whenever alarming pollution has been observed at any of the regular monitoring stations. Lines A-A1 and C-C1 are suggested directions of geological-hydrological cross-sections to be prepared for the monitoring network reference book.

Field trips to relevant assets of nature and management installations are a must. Mini research projects on worldwide problems or local issues are most welcome. Acquaintance with monitoring networks and data banks is an intrinsic part of such a graduate water course. 

This third edition of the book has been updated, and a new chapter addresses water quality standards, monitoring networks, data banks, and the important area of educational activities. 

Tschmelak JG, Proll J, Riedt J et al (2005) Part I project objectives, basic technology, immunoassay development, software design and networking. Part II intelligent, remote controlled, cost effective, on-line, water monitoring measurement system. Biosens Bioelectron 20 1499-1519... 

Alexander, R. B., Slack, J. R., Ludtke, A. S., Fitzgerald, K. K., and Schertz, T. L. (1996). Data from selected U.S. Geological Survey national stream water quaHty monitoring networks (WQN). U.S.G.S. Digital Data Series DDS-37. U. S. Geological Survey. 

Wangwongwatava S. (2001) Step-by-step approach to establish acid deposition monitoring network in East Asia (EANET) Thailand s experiences. Water Air Soil Pollut. 130, 151-162. 

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