Water injection volumes

Figure 11, Calibration for manganese (0-50 ppb) in seawater and distilled water (injection volume = 40 pi,)...

Application of Forward Osmosis to Reduce Produced Water Injection Volumes... 

The main goal of this project was to evaluate the potential of FO to reduce produced water injection volumes from Qatari gas fields by 50%. Produced water, in this paper, refers to a combination of produced water extracted from the ground and process water from on-shore operations. 

A3.2 Acceptance Testing—Water Injection Volume Balance Tests ... 

Once injection water treatment requirements have been established, process equipment must be sized to deal with the anticipated throughput. In a situation where water injection is the primary source of reservoir energy it is common to apply a voidage replacement policy, i.e. produced volumes are replaced by Injected volumes. An allowance above this capacity would be specified to cover equipment downtime. 

SEC measurements were made using a Waters Alliance 2690 separation module with a 410 differential refractometer. Typical chromatographic conditions were 30°C, a 0.5-ml/min flow rate, and a detector sensitivity at 4 with a sample injection volume of 80 fil, respectively, for a sample concentration of 0.075%. All or a combination of PEO standards at 0.05% concentration each were used to generate a linear first-order polynomial fit for each run throughout this work. Polymer Laboratories Caliber GPC/SEC software version 6.0 was used for all SEC collection, analysis, and molecular weight distribution overlays. 

Figure 12.11 Coupled SEC-RPLC separation of compound Chemigum mbber stock (a) SEC ti ace (b) RPLC trace of fraction 1, dibutylphthalate (c) RPLC trace of fraction 2, elemental sulfur. Coupled SEC conditions MicroPak TSK 3000H (50 cm) X 2000H (50 cm) X 1000 H (80 cm) columns (8 mm i.d.) eluent, THE at a flow rate of 1 mL/min UV detection at 215 nm (1.0 a.u.f.s.) injection volume, 200 p-L. RPLC conditions MicroPak MCH (25 cm X 2.2 mm i.d.) column flow rate, 0.5 mL/min injection volume, lOpL gradient, acetonitrile-water (20 80 v/v) to 100% acetonitrile at 3% acetonitrile/min UV detection at 254 nm (0.05 a.u.f.s.). Reprinted from Journal of Chromatography, 149, E. L. Jolmson et al., Coupled column cliromatography employing exclusion and a reversed phase. A potential general approach to sequential analysis , pp. 571-585, copyright 1978, with permission from Elsevier Science.

When the ejector system consists of one or more ejectors and intercondensers in series, the volume as pounds per hour of mixture to each succeeding stage must be evaluated at conditions existing at its suction. Thus, the second stage unit after a first stage barometric intercondenser, handles all of the non-condensables of the system plus the released air from the water injected into the intercondenser, plus any condensable vapors not condensed in the condenser at its temperature and pressure. Normally the condensable material tvill be removed at this point. If the intercondenser is a surface unit, there wall not be any air released to the system from the cooling w ater. 

A. N. Cavallaro, R. Baigorria, and E. Curd. Design of an acid stimulation system with chlorine dioxide for the treatment of water-injection wells. In Proceedings Volume. 51st Annu Cim Petrol Soc Tech Mtg (Calgary, Canada, 6/4-6/8), 2000. 

M. Elboujdaini and V. S. Sastri. Field studies of microbiological corrosion in water injection plant. In Proceedings Volume. 50th Annu NACE Int Corrosion Conf (Corrosion 95) (Orlando, FL, 3/26-3/31), 1995. 

A. J. McMahon, P. S. Smith, and Y. Lee. Drag reducing chemical enables increased sea water injection without increasing the oxygen corrosion rate. In Proceedings Volume. NACE Int Corrosion Conf (Corrosion 97) (New Orleans, LA, 3/9-3/14), 1997. 

E. Sunde, T. Thorstenson, and T. Torsvik. Growth of bacteria on water injection additives. In Proceedings Volume, pages 727-733.65th Annu SPE Tech Conf (New Orleans, LA, 9/23-9/26), 1990. 

H. A. Videla, P. S. Guiamet, O. R. Pardini, E. Echarte, D. Trujillo, and M. M. S. Freitas. Monitoring biofilms and MIC (microbially induced corrosion) in an oilfield water injection system. In Proceedings Volume. Annu NACE Corrosion Conf (Corrosion 91) (Cincinnati, OH, 3/11-3/15), 1991. 

The resulting concentration value in micrograms per liter represents the concentration of the analyte in the injected sample. Using the concentration of analyte in the injected sample, the final extract volume, and the volume of water extracted, the concentration of analyte present in the water specimen can be calculated. The concentration (qgL ) of herbicide in the water specimen is calculated by multiplying the analyte concentration (qgL ) by the final volume (mL) and dividing by the water specimen volume (mL) ... 

Sulfonylureas are not directly amenable to gas chromatography (GC) because of their extremely low volatility and thermal instability. GC has been used in conjunction with diazomethane derivatization, pentafluorobenzyl bromide derivatization, and hydrolysis followed by analysis of the aryl sulfonamides. These approaches have not become widely accepted, owing to poor performance for the entire family of sulfonylureas. Capillary electrophoresis (CE) has been evaluated for water analysis and soil analysis. The low injection volumes required in CE may not yield the required sensitivity for certain applications. Enzyme immunoassay has been reported for chlorsulfuron and triasulfuron, with a limit of detection (LOD) ranging from 20 to 100 ng kg (ppt) in soil and water. 

For analysis, the HPLC mobile phase gradient started at 3 17 acetonitrile-0.15% acetic acid in water and ended at 9 1 acetonitrile-0.15% acetic acid in water (0-32min). The HPLC column was a Zorbax RX-C8, 2.1-mm i.d. x 150mm, 5-p.m particle size column with a flow rate of 0.2mLmin and a 100-p.L injection volume. 

Quantitation of tebuconazole residue in water extracts is also performed by the calibration technique. Construct a new calibration curve of 0.5-, 1-, 2-, and 5-mg L equivalent tebuconazole standard solutions for each set of analyses. Inject 5- o.L aliquots of the standard solutions. The injection volume should be kept constant as the peak area varies with the injection volume by nitrogen-phosphorus detection. Plot the peak area against the injected concentrations of tebuconazole. 

The instrumental analysis for the identification of UV filters degradation products formed during the fungal treatment process was performed by means of HPLC coupled to tandem mass spectrometry using a hybrid quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometer (HPLC-QqTOF-MS/MS). Chromatographic separation was achieved on a Hibar Purospher STAR HR R-18 ec. (50 mm x 2.0 mm, 5 pm, from Merck). In the optimized method, the mobile phase consisted of a mixture of HPLC grade water and acetonitrile, both with 0.15% formic acid. The injection volume was set to 10 pL and the mobile phase flow-rate to 0.3 mL/min. 

Procedure Phenolic acids were detected between 210 and 360 nm using a Hewlett Packard diode array detector (HP 1100 HPLC system). The separation was achieved with a Nucleosil 100-5 C18 column 5 pm 4.0x250 mm (Agilent Technologies, USA) at a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min and injection volume of 5 mL. For the elution, a discontinuous acetonitrile-water gradient was used 15% acetonitrile (5 min), 30% acetonitrile (20 min), 40% acetonitrile (25 min), 60% acetonitrile (30 min), 60% acetonitrile (35 min) and... 

Using the Tomtec Quadra 96 workstation, 0.1 mL of the ethyl acetate layer was transferred to a 96-well collection plate containing 0.4 mL of acetonitrile in each sample well. The solution was mixed 10 times by aspiration and dispersion on the Tomtec. The plate was then covered with a sealing mat and stored at 2 to 8°C until LC/MS/MS analysis. The HILIC-MS/MS system consisted of a Shimadzu 10ADVP HPLC system and Perkin Elmer Sciex API 3000 and 4000 tandem mass spectrometers operating in the positive ESI mode. The analytical column was Betasil silica (5 fim, 50 x 3 mm) and a mobile phase of acetonitrile water formic acid with a linear gradient elution from 95 5 0.1 to 73.5 26.5 0.1 was used for 2 min. The flow rate was 1.0 mL/min for the API 3000 and 1.5 mL/min for the API 4000 without any eluent split. The injection volume was 10 jjL and a run time of 2.75 min was employed. 

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