Water climate

Ground and surface water Climate and air Farm input and output Animal welfare and health Quality of produced food... 

The dynamics of the mean annual salinity of the Sea of Azov (by the example of 1956-1968) shows that, even active irreversible withdrawal of the waters, climatic factors may make a significant favorable effect on the results of the anthropogenic activity in the sea basin. On the contrary, the decrease in the total humidity in the basin after 1968 amplified the aftereffects of the irreversible runoff withdrawals when, in 1973, the Kuban River was regulated and the Krasnodar Reservoir was filled. In the 1970s, the integrated annual riverine runoff to the Sea of Azov was 22-27 km3/year, a value more than 40% lower than the natural norm. As a result, the tendency to increase the salinity of the sea was enhanced. The strongest salination was observed in 1975-1977, when the salinity in the sea comprised 13.3-13.9 psu, while in Taganrog Bay it was 9.5-11.1 psu. 

Geological setting Source of water Climate Naturally occurring Land uses that may Additional chemicals... 

Geological setting1 Source of water Climate Naturally occurring toxic chemicals that may be found in water Land uses that may Additional chemicals increase concentrations that may be released of possible constituents from natural sources, of water due to land uses given in previous column ... 

Glantz MH, Zonn IS (2005) The Aral Sea water, climate and environmental change in Central Asia. WMO, Geneva, No 982... 

Glantz MH (2003) Water, climate affairs. Island Press, Washington, DC... 

Continental surface waters originate from atmospheric and surface waters. The chemical composition of the continental waters is determined first of all by the reactions between atmospheric water, soil and rocks (from fairly recently, this composition has been and is being significantly influenced by the activity of man). Surface waters supplied by groundwaters are more mineralized, whereas mineralization is more moderate when atmospheric waters predominate. The character of the surface waters is determined by the representation of the above presented sources in the surface waters, climatic effects (precipitations, temperature), structure of geological layers and tributaries. 

The assessment is based on the OECD indicator system (1997). Several places simplifications have been made and — where it appeared appropriate —modifications. As Table 1 shows, the following indicator categories are distinguished Ecosystem, Soil, Ground and Surface Water, Climate and Air, as well as Farm Input and Output. In addition. Animal Health and Welfare was included. These categories are specified through additional indicators. 

In atmospheric corrosion testing, it is customary to perform tests in special climate chambers in addition to field tests. The tests are used for comparison but are also valuable for determining the behavior of anticorrosive films and coatings. The conditions used to obtain the appropriate atmospheres, constant or alternating condensed water climates, with and without the presence of such additional substances as sulfur dioxide and salt spray, and at various pH values, are specified in the standards (DIN 50 018 1978 DIN 50 021 1975 ASTM B 117-85 1985 ASTM G 87-84 1984 ASTM G 91-86 1986 ASTM G 85-85 1985). 

NRCS. (2008). National Water Climate Center. Natural Resources Conservation Service, Washington, DC (www.wcc.nrcs.usda.gov/). 

Factors influencing agricultural activities are sunshine—direct and indirect water climatic circumstances including wind, hail, and humidity external factors Uke birds, insects, wild plants and postharvest handling of produce storage and packaging. 

Management and quality of water Global environmental change and climate Promoting the sustainable use of energy... 

Vineyard site is important to wine quaUty and character and interacts with variety. The general climate must not be too cold, too hot, or too humid. A mild, dry climate that still induces a dormant season, like the Mediterranean area and California, is desirable. A relatively constant weather pattern year-to-year is also sought. The nearer to the limits of cold tolerance, for example, that the climate comes, the more likely are disastrous vintages. The modifying influence of close bodies of water, sun-facing slopes, or frost-resisting air drainage can make one vineyard more desirable than another nearby. 

Besides the chemical composition, porosity is another property of stone which has great influence on its preservation. An increased porosity increases the exposed surface and pores allow movement of materials such as water and its solutes through the stones. If the pores are blocked or reduced in diameter such substances may be trapped within resulting in increased local interior damage. Exposure to the climatic elements is one important source of decay. Freeze-thaw cycles, in particular, result in pressures on the pore walls of the stone s interior from changes in volume during the phase transition... 

In desert or tropical climates skin dries into a hard mass that does not soften even when soaked in water. By shaping a skin to a desired form and then drying, however, useful articles such as dmm heads and shields can be made. Tanning for useful leather is not a simple skill. 

In temperate climates extracts from some plants were found to be excellent preservatives for hides and skins. The hides, with or without hair, were placed in pits in the ground, then covered with alternating layers of bark or leaves and skins. Water was added and later, ie, days or months depending on the thickness of the hide, the hides could be removed, washed, and oiled. The resulting leather is flexible and lasts essentially forever. This procedure was used well into the seventeenth century as the most common method of tanning. In some isolated primitive societies, the method is used in the 1990s. 

A variety of measures must be taken to assure safe and continued operation. Because the natural water table is higher than the coal seams, or the seams are natural aquifers, it is necessary to pump water out of the pit or to drill weUs around the mine and pump to reduce the water table. The Rheinische Braunkohlenwerke (Rheinbraun) pumps water at a rate of 1-1.2 x 10 m /yr. Part of this water is processed to provide drinking water for Neuss and Dusseldorf. The tendency of lignite to ignite spontaneously requires care in the amount of face that is exposed, especially in naturally dry, hot, windy climates. 

Sheet Drying. At a water content of ca 1.2—1.9 parts of water per part of fiber, additional water removal by mechanical means is not feasible and evaporative drying must be employed. This is at best an efficient but cosdy process and often is the production botdeneck of papermaking. The dryer section most commonly consists of a series of steam-heated cylinders. Alternate sides of the wet paper are exposed to the hot surface as the sheet passes from cylinder to cylinder. In most cases, except for heavy board, the sheet is held closely against the surface of the dryers by fabrics of carefuUy controUed permeabiHty to steam and air. Heat is transferred from the hot cylinder to the wet sheet, and water evaporates. The water vapor is removed by way of elaborate air systems. Most dryer sections are covered with hoods for coUection and handling of the air, and heat recovery is practiced in cold climates. The final moisture content of the dry sheet usually is 4—10 wt %. 

Pipeline technology iavolves desiga, coastmctioa, maintenance (qv), and operation. Although certain aspects of the technology differ under different climatic conditions, whether above or below ground or under water, etc, the basic steps are the same for Hquids pipelines as for gas pipelines. 

---