Water indirect

Condensers and vacuum pumps will be needed for evaporators operated under vacuum. For aqueous solutions, steam ejectors and jet condensers are normally used. Jet condensers are direct-contact condensers, where the vapour is condensed by contact with jets of cooling water. Indirect, surface condensers, are used where it is necessary to keep the condensed vapour and cooling water effluent separate. 

Activity code Activity description Emission air (tons per year) Emission water direct (tons per year) Emission water indirect (transfer to an off-site waste water treatment) (tons per year)... 

In drinking water indirect indicators are allowed from the viewpoint of radiology, such as total volume activity alpha and total volume activity beta, which help to assess the occurrence of alpha or beta active radionuclides in waters without the necessity to identify actual radionuclides whose... 

A variety of photolytic processes are possible and from the discussion above it is apparent that in surface waters, indirect effects depend primarily on the DOM. This component will reduce the rate of direct photolysis, but there are many examples where this reduction is compensated for by indirect reactions. However, under environmental conditions, it is not always possible to differentiate among the different options when... 

The indirect determination of chloride ion by precipitation as silver chloride was described. What metal element could you use to determine sulfate ion in water indirectly by A AS Describe how you would do this experiment and give an example calculation for a sulfate solution containing 200 mg SO4 /L. (You may need to consult some external references on this question.)... 

Martinez-Jimenez et al.[30] determined cationic surfactants in natural, tap and waste waters indirectly by flame AAS. The method is based on the on-line extraction of the deteigent-tetrathiocyanatocobaltate(II) ion-pair into IBMK. The surfactants were determined by measurement of cobalt in the separated organic phase. A sampling frequency of 35 5 h was achieved with a precision of 1.2% r.s.d. 

Several studies have explored the relationship between a possible dynamic transition in supercooled water and a transition in glass. The issue, however, is complicated. In bulk water, indirect evidence (such as extrapolation of experimental results at 260 K and simulations with various force fields) suggests the occurrence of a stmctural transformation in the supercooled liquid around 220 K. 

Cracked products leaving the top of reactor were cooled with water indirectly to separate gas and liquid, the former was further purified using a Cottrell type demister. 

Polymers that crosslink in the solid state can also be used in solution. Particularly in water, the hydrogen abstraction created by reactive POH radical due to the decomposed water indirectly yields polymer radicals [12], The rate of crosslinking in solution is greater than in solids due to a high mobility of the generated polymer free radicals. 

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