Renewable Energy Directive

The developed world and European Union countries make great efforts to replace traditional kinds of fuel with bio-fuels. Thus, the EU directive RED (Renewable Energy Directive) 2009/28/EU establishes the use of 10% of renewable energy in transport and 20% of renewable energy in the structure of gross energy consumption to 2020 [9] as mandatory parameters. 

European Commission (2010) European Union Climate and Energy Package Renewable Energy Directive (2009/28/EC), Emissions Trading Directive (2009/29/EC) and Directive on the Geological Storage... 

In recent years, production of biodiesel has expanded in both the European Union and the United States. In2006, European countries prodnced approximately 5.6bilUon liters of biodiesel compared with 0.86biUion liters produced in the United States (Durret et al., 2008). The future development of biodiesel in Europe is mainly driven by the Renewable Energy Directive, which has a binding target of 10% biofuels in the transport sector until 2020. The main feedstock for biodiesel in Europe is still rapeseed oil, with a share of approximately 70% 13% is covered by soybean oil, and almost 7% comes from waste frying oil and animal fat (Mittelbach, 2010). Soybean oil is the primary source of biodiesel production in the United States (Karmakar et al., 2010). 

In June 2010, the European Commission adopted a scheme for certifying sustainable biofuels under the Renewable Energy Directive (RED) (2009/28/EC). Under this scheme, all biofuels used in the European Union have to comply with sustainability criteria, including ... 

Around the world, 64 countries have implemented targets or mandates related to the use of biofuels EU-27, 13 countries in the Americas, 12 in Asia-Pacific, 11 in Africa and the Indian Ocean, and 2 from non-EU countries in Europe (Ukraine and Norway) (Lane, 2014). Besides the EU-27, with its Renewable Energy Directive (RED) that specified a 10% renewable content by 2020 (scaled back in recent times to 5—7.5%), the major blending mandates that wiU drive global demand are those set in the US, China, and Brazil (15—25% by 2020—22). 

The discovery of chemical N2 fixation under ambient conditions is more compatible with a simple, complementary, low temperature and low pressure system, possibly operated electrochemically and driven by a renewable energy resource (qv), such as solar, wind, or water power, or other off-peak electrical power, located near or in irrigation streams. Such systems might produce and apply ammonia continuously, eg, directly in the rice paddy, or store it as an increasingly concentrated ammoniacal solution for later appHcation. In fact, the Birkeland-Eyde process of N2 oxidation in an electric arc has been... 

The use of wind as a renewable energy source involves the conversion of power contained in moving air masses to rotating shaft power. These air masses represent the complex circulation of winds near the surface of Earth caused by Earth s rotation and by convective heating from the sun. The actual conversion process utilizes basic aerodynamic forces, ie, lift or drag, to produce a net positive torque on a rotating shaft, resulting in the production of mechanical power, which can then be used directly or converted to electrical power. 

The scope of this chapter is to present a concise and fundamental overview of the relationship between modem catalysis and chemical reaction engineering through one of the topics that will certainly be present among the future directions in both fields production of hydrogen fuel from fossil and renewable energy sources and its use in the fuel cells-based energy conversion technology. 

In Norway and Romania, hydrogen production and export is in direct competition with electricity transmission via high-voltage direct-current lines (HVDC). This solution is particularly attractive because hydropower is a non-fluctuating renewable energy source and does not destabilise the grid, as, for example, wind or solar power do. 

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