Frying

Boublik, T., V. Fried, and E. Hala "The Vapor Pressure of Pure Substances," Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1973. 

Rosenstock H M, Wallenstein M B, Wahrhaftig A L and Frying H 1952 Absolute rate theory for isolated systems and the mass spectra of polyatomic molecules Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 38 667-78... 

Fries J R, Brand L, Eggeling C, Kdllner M and Seidel CAM 1998 Quantitative identification of different single molecules by selective time-resolved confocal fluorescence spectroscopy J. Phys. Chem. A 102 6602-13... 

Eggeling C, Fries J R, Brand L, Gunther R and Seidel CAM 1998 Monitoring conformational dynamics of a single molecule by selective fluorescence spectroscopy Proc. Natl Acad. Sc/. USA 95 1556-61... 

By the rearrangement of an ester of a phenol in the presence of aluminium chloride (Fries reaction), phenolic ketones are produced ... 

The mechanism of the Fries reaction is not known with certainty. One mechanism regards it as a true intramolecular rearrangement in which the acyl group migrates directly from the oxygen atom to the carbon atoms of the ring. Another scheme postulates that the ester is cleaved by the reagent... 

By the Fries reaction. This is a variant of the Friedel-Craft reaction it consists in the conversion of an ester of a phenol to the corresponding o- and p-hydroxyketone, or a mixture of both, by treatment with anhydrous aluminium chloride ... 

Cut the cheese into french fries-sized pieces, place one piece... 

The less hindered f/ans-olefins may be obtained by reduction with lithium or sodium metal in liquid ammonia or amine solvents (Birch reduction). This reagent, however, attacks most polar functional groups (except for carboxylic acids R.E.A. Dear, 1963 J. Fried, 1968), and their protection is necessary (see section 2.6). 

Several cortisone derivatives with glucocorticoid effects are most active, if they contain fluorine in the 9or-position together with an Il(9-OH group. Both substituents are introduced by the cleavage of a 9,11 -epoxide with hydrogen fluoride. The regio- and stereoselective formation of the -epoxide is achieved by bromohydrination of a 9,11-double bond and subsequent alkali treatment (J. Fried, 1954). 

Many stereoselective reactions have been most thoroughly studied with steroid examples because the rigidity of the steroid nucleus prevents conformational changes and because enormous experience with analytical procedures has been gathered with this particular class of natural products (J. Fried, 1972). The name steroids (stereos (gr.) = solid, rigid) has indeed been selected very well, if one considers stereochemical problems. We shall now briefly point to some other interesting, more steroid-specific reactions. 

Fried, J. Edwards, J, A, 1972, Organic Reactions in Steroid Chemistry, Vols, 1 2, Van Nostrand New York... 

II IS imporlanl lo remember lhal each slage consisls of more lhan one elemenlary step Therefore a complete mechanism can have many steps and look complicated if we fry lo absorb all of il al once If we keep Ihe Iwo slages separate m our minds and build on whal we already know our job becomes easier Two poinls are helpful... 

The preference for O acylation of phenols arises because these reactions are kmetically controlled O acylation is faster than C acylation The C acyl isomers are more stable how ever and it is known that aluminum chloride is a very effective catalyst for the conversion of aryl esters to aryl ketones This isomerization is called the Fries rearrangement... 

Fries rearrangement (Section 24 9) Aluminum chlonde promoted rearrangement of an aryl ester to a ring acylated denvative of phenol... 

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