Waste compaction

Probably the most common briquette forms are egg, almond, and pillow shapes. Other forms are tear drop, walnut, and lentil as well as bar or stick shapes. If the pocket configuration does not approximate a regular polygon, the land area between the cups becomes relatively large, which increases the amount of web between the briquettes and wastes compaction pressure. 

In the history of the barrier development (Ryser 1989), initially only the site location was considered in the next phase, landfdl liners were added as surface covers and base liners to facilitate leachate collection (during the 1970s). Since the early 1980s, attempts have been made to control reactions inside the landfdl, for example by waste compaction and gas collection. In the early the 1990s, it became evident that in order to effectively minimize landfill emissions, the prior separation of contaminants was necessary. The culmination of this development will be reached, when the inert- and residual landfill will become the norm. 

Carpet waste Compacted trash Computer paper Fabric waste... 

This is done by covering the landfill with a layer of locally available soils and by planting them by autochthonous species. Paradoxically, wide-spreading of sanitary landfills in these countries may cause an increase of methane emissions. Implementation of mechanical barriers and waste compaction will improve conditions for methanogenesis (W CC, 2010). Thus, it is necessary to develop the infrastructure that enables the utilization of landfill gas. 

The volume of hulls generated is nominally 62 m /1 of fuel, which is about 10 times the actual volume of metal. Whereas they are not yet in commercial use, both compaction and melting processes are being developed to improve waste handling economics (41). 

Low Level Waste Treatment. Methods of treatment for radioactive wastes produced in a nuclear power plant include (/) evaporation (qv) of cooling water to yield radioactive sludges, (2) filtration (qv) using ion-exchange (qv) resins, (J) incineration with the release of combustion gases through filters while retaining the radioactively contaminated ashes (see Incinerators), (4) compaction by presses, and (5) solidification in cement (qv) or asphalt (qv) within metal containers. 

Fig. 3. Interstate compacts for low level waste management where (S) represents unaffOiated states and (0), host sites. The percentages of total U.S. LLW...

Solids. Proper handling and disposal techniques can obviate potential problems associated with the soHd waste-retorted shale. Retorted shale disposal and revegetation have posed no adverse environmental impacts at the Unocal Parachute Project (62). EarHer studies carried out using Paraho and Lurgi retorted shales indicated that these materials behave as low grade cements (63,64) and can be engineered and compacted into high density materials (Pig. 11) and water impervious stmctures (Table 15). 

The economics of some mines frequentiy depend heavily on the revenues derived from leaching the waste to recover additional copper. This waste material, which has to be removed to uncover the ore, may be hauled to specially constmeted dumps, where the sulfides, the most common form of copper mineral, are oxidized and the leach solution can contact the waste material uniformly. Economics sometimes precludes optimization of dumps for leaching operations because of such factors as compaction, size distribution, and terrain (16). 

Many waste-rock or overburden disposal systems result ia compacted dumps having uncontrolled distribution of fines. In such dumps, solution distribution is poor and there is Htde oxygen for reaction with the sulfides. Methods for managing these dumps to maximize copper recovery have been actively pursued. 

Container carrier systems. Container carrier systems are being used in a limited number of cases, the most important of which are (1) the collection of wastes from only a few pickup points at which a considerable amount of waste is generated and (2) the collection of bulky items and industrial rubbish not smtable for collection with compaction vehicles, and (3) small, heavy loads such as scrap metal. 

Systems with self-loading compactors. Container size and utilization are not as critical in stationaiy-coutaiuer systems using self-loading collec tion vehicles equipped with a compaction mechanism (see Fig. 25-61 and Table 25-59) as they are in hauled-container systems. Trips to the disposal site, transfer station, or processing station are made after the contents of a number of containers have been col-lec ted and compacted and the collec tion vehicle is fuU. Because a variety of container sizes and types are available, these systems may be used for the coUection of all types of wastes. Container sizes vaiy from relatively small sizes (0.6 m ) to sizes comparable to those handled with a hoist truck (see Table 25-58). 

Compactors. Large-capacity containers and container-trailers are used in conjunction with stationaiy compactors at transfer stations. In some cases, the compac tion mechanism is an integral part of the container. When containers are equipped with a self-contained compaction mechanism, the moveable bulkhead used to compress the wastes is also used to discharge the compacted wastes. 

Transfer and Transport of Hazardous Wastes The facilities of a hazardous-waste transfer station are quite different from those of an industrial or municipal sohd-waste transfer station. Typically, hazardous wastes are not compacted (mechanical volume reduction). 

Reduction of solid-waste volume alteration of shape of solid-waste components all modem collection vehicles essentially equipped with compaction equipment... 

Depression method. At locations where natural or artificial depressions exist, it is often possible to use them effectively for land-filling operations. Canyons, ravines, dty borrow pits, and quarries have oeen used for this purpose. The techniques to place and compact solid wastes in depression landfills vary with the geometiy of the site, the characteristics of the cover material, the hydrology and geology of the site, and access of the site. 

In a canyon site, filling starts at the head end of the canyon (see Fig. 25-70) and ends at the mouth. The prac tice prevents the accumulation of water behind the landfill. Wastes usu ly are deposited on the canyon floor and from there are pushed up against the canyon face at a slope of about 2 to 1. In this way, a high degree of compaction can be achieved. 

Settlement and. structural characteristics of landfills. The settlement of landfills depends on the initial compaction, characteristics of wastes, degree of decomposition, and effects of consolidation when the leachate and gases are formed in the landfill. The height of the completed fill will also influence the initial compaction and degree of consolidation. 

FIG. 25-76 Schematic of an FML plus compacted-soil double-liner system for a landfill, (Drawing not to scale.) (U.S EFA, EFA/530/SW-S5-012 Washington, DC., 19S5 EiomEieerrmn, H M., Standard Handbook of Hazardous Waste Treatment and Disposal, AtcGiutu-H) //, 19SS. )... 

Case 2 - The Hyde Park Landfill site, located in an industrial complex in the extreme northwest corner of Niagara, New York, was used from 1953 to 1975 as a disposal site for an estimated 80,000 tons of chemical waste, including chlorinated hydrocarbons. A compacted clay cover was installed in 1978 over the landfill and a tile leachate collection system was installed in 1979. Hazardous compounds such as ortho-, meta- and para-chlorobenzoic acid toluene ortho- and meta-chlorotoluene 3,4-dichlorotoluene and 2,6-dichlorotoluene were detected in the leachate (Irvine et al., 1984). Since 1979, the existing leachate treatment system has used activated carbon as the technology for removing organic carbon. Although... 

Waste management is a field that involves tlie reduction, stabilization, and ultimate disposal of waste. Waste reduction is tlie practice of minimizing file amount of material tliat requires disposal. Some of the common ways in which waste reduction is accomplished are incineration, compaction, and dewatering. The object of waste disposal is to isolate tlie material from tlie biosphere, and in the case of radioactive wtiste, allow it time to decay to sufficiently safe levels. 

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