Additive commercial

Additional commercial processes are available for extraction of tea, hops, oriental herbs, tobacco leaves, and pharmaceuticals C02-enhanced oil recovery environmental appHcations such as extraction/flocculation of aqueous wastes reactions with iategrated separations such as aminations (ethylene... 

Additional commercial markets for 1-butanol include plasticizer esters (eg, dibutyl phthalate), butylated melamine—formaldehyde resins, and mono-, di-, and tributylamines. 

In the United States the primary route for making calcium chloride is by the evaporation of underground brines (see Chemicals frombrines). Additional commercial material is available by the action of hydrochloric acid on limestone. Typically the hydrochloric acid is a by-product of some other commercial process and the conversion to calcium chloride is motivated by waste avoidance (see Hydrogen chloride). 

Older existing cartridge collector types have a range of actual operating efficiencies of 99 to 99.9% for PM,q and PMj j. Typical new equipment design efficiencies are between 99.99 and 99.999 -t- %. In addition, commercially available designs are able to control submicron PM (0.8 m in diameter or greater) with a removal efficiency of 99.999 + %. 

In addition, commercially available phenyltrimethoxysilane has been successfully cross-coupled with heteroaryl bromides including both bromopyridines and bromothiophenes [105], Both 2-bromopyridine and 3-bromopyridine were coupled with phenyltrimethoxysilane to give the corresponding phenylpyridines in 76% and 62% yield, respectively. Employing phenyl tris(trifluoroethoxy)silane, a siloxane with electron-withdrawing groups, did not improve the yields. 

Fluorescein (excitation and emission maxima of 492 nm and 520 nm, respectively) has also been utilized in fluorescence assays. Although its excitation maximum is higher than that of umbelliferone, it suffers from a problem similar to that of umbelliferone in that albumin-bound bilirubin has excitation and emission maxima of 460 nm and 515 nm, respectively. In addition, commercial preparations have been reported to contain two isomers, which may cause heterogeneity during conjugate preparation. 

To fully utilize small particles (i.e., less than 2 pm) packed in columns greater than 50 mm in length, an HPLC system must be developed that can operate at high pressures. For the best results using columns with 1-2-pm particles, extra-column effects, dwell volumes, and detectors must be optimized for optimum performance. Additionally, commercial... 

In mixed surfactant systems, physical properties such as the critical micelle concentration (cmc) and interfacial tensions are often substantially lower than would be expected based on the properties of the pure components. Such nonideal behavior is of both theoretical interest and industrial importance. For example, mixtures of different classes of surfactants often exhibit synergism (1-3) and this behavior can be utilized in practical applications ( ).In addition, commercial surfactant preparations usually contain mixtures of various species (e.g. different isomers and chain lengths) and often include surface active impurities which affect the critical micelle concentration and other properties. 

Commercial Chinese fixed-botanical formulations are manufactured and marketed in various dosage forms. It is usually not known to what extent individual botanical constituent(s) would be chemically altered during the manufacturing process, regardless of whether the final formulation contains a standardized amount of an active constituent. In addition, commercially... 

In the United Stales the principal route for making calcium chloride is by the evaporation of underground brines. Additional commercial material is available by the action of hydrochloric acid on limestone. 

Measure the volumes of sucrose solution and water consumed. Calculate the preference for the sucrose solution as a percentage of total liquid consumed and total sucrose intake in mg/g body weight. In addition, commercially available automated lick-counters (lickometers) may be used (e.g., by Lafayette Instrument Co, Lafayette IN, United States or Columbus Instruments, Columbus OH, United States). Assess the number of licks at each bottle for the duration of the test (i.e., 24-72 h) per 100 mg of body weight, and the preference for sucrose as a percentage of total licks (23, 27, 28) (see Notes 4-6). 

There exists a need for high-power pulsed CW radiation sources to enable fast switching times and high repetition rates for electromagnetic resonance experiments. In addition, commercial development of THz sources is needed so that this technology can be made more widely available to the research community. Furthermore, current detectors for THz spectroscopy have high cooling requirements to minimize noise in spectral data further developments are needed to provide inexpensive and user-friendly detector options. 

Primers can be custom synthesized commercially at a fairly reasonable rate. Primer sequences are selected so that they are typically 21 to 24 nucleotides in length with an average G + C content of 40 to 60%. The primers should not be part of repetitive-sequence DNA, nor should the DNA have palindromic sequences. There are computer programs to help select oligonucleotide primers for PCR, such as PRIMER (from White Head Institute www-genome. wi. mit. echi/ftp //distribution/software/primer. 0.5/manual. asc). In addition, commercial sources exist for software (National Biosciences) that includes the OLIGO program. 

The dispersants prepared by the reaction of hydrocarbon substituted succinic acid anhydrides with polyamines to give linear mono- and bis-succinimides, are well known lubricating oil additives commercially available (Gutierrez and Brois, 1980 Le Suer and Norman, 1965 and 1966 Song et al., 1993, 1994 and 1995). 

Secondary alcohols are much different chemically than primary alcohols, such as natural alcohols. In addition, commercial secondary alcohols are prepared from both even and odd carbon-numbered n-paraffins and thus contain both even and odd carbon-numbered alcohols. Oxo alcohols are primary alcohols, as are natural alcohols. However, oxo alcohols contain from twenty to sixty percent branched chain alcohols and also contain both even and odd carbon-numbered homologs. Ziegler alcohols are very similar to natural alcohols. They are primary alcohols and are a mixture of only even carbon-numbered homologs. The major differences between Ziegler and natural alcohols are trace impurities present and the range of synthetic products, C -C30, available. 

The direct oxidation of hydroxyls on inulin allows the potential introduction of carbonyl and carboxyl groups, altering the properties of the polysaccharide and opening additional commercial applications (Bragd et al., 2004). The primary hydroxyl in the C-6 position on the fructofuranoside subunits can be selectively oxidized using 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-l-piperidinyloxy (TEMPO). This forms a stable radical that can be oxidized by hypobromite, or similar reagent, to give a nitrosonium... 

The numerical inversion of the ellipsometric equations is usually performed by homemade software or by routines provided with the instruments. In addition, commercial software is available, such as WVASE32 Software, J.A. Woolam Co. Inc. 

The first volume deals with the synthesis and specific photochromic properties of the best-known classes and their field of application it contains 9 chapters. The aim of this new review, which is focused on organic photochromic compounds but also contains a brief survey on thermochromic compounds, is to give practical information involving selected series with the hope that this will lead to additional commercial applications for known photochromic families or to the discovery of new families. 

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