Voluntary initiatives

Other than the few voluntary initiatives, C R programs in various countries are supported by laws specifically mandating recycling of fluorescent lamps. Legislative back up is therefore preferable for an effective program. 

Taking into consideration its physico-chemical properties, removal efficiencies, low biodegradability, predicted environmental levels, toxicity, and the need to provide sufficient safety margins for aquatic organisms, the demand for alternative cationic surfactants arose. Since 1991, DTDMAC has been replaced in some European countries due to producer s voluntary initiatives with new quaternary ammonium compounds, the esterquats. These contain an ester function in the hydrophobic chain (Table 1.3) that can be easily cleaved, releasing intermediates that are susceptible to ultimate degradation [24-26]. The effects of the phasing-out and replacement of DTDMAC can be demonstrated by the results of a Swiss study, where the surfactant... 

The extension into peacetime of project-research required a commonly held ideal similar to the "inspiration of a common patriotism." Armsby believed this could be found in the program of the newly reorganized NRC, in that its plan for cooperative research was based upon the voluntary initiative of investigators, united by their common interest in solving problems essential for the advancement of science in the United States. Because the leaders of the NRC were convinced that this attitude prevailed... 

There are arguably 3 key drivers for prioritization of substances for development of SQSs 1) remediation, 2) emission reductions, and 3) voluntary initiatives. The basis for any prioritization should be the consideration of some function of a substance s... 

Responsible Care is the chemicals industry s global voluntary initiative to improve health, safety, and environmental performance and to communicate with stakeholders about their products and services. Please see www.responsiblecare.org... 

But the chemical industry s contribution is by no means confined to these two initiatives. An equally significant voluntary initiative relates to the important area of research. 

It is not that LSUBR has been dragged kicking and screaming into affirmative action, because there have been a number of voluntary initiatives, but there have also been some definite actions taken by the courts. Some of these integration lawsuits are still in place and are monitored to date. Thus, many campuswide programs have developed in response to these actions. 

Partial regulation of voluntary initiatives that fail to yield high quality data... 

Regulatory chemical risk control measures can be broadly separated into four categories command and control, economic, incentive-based, and voluntary initiatives [29]. Brief explanations and examples of these various control instruments are shown in Table 1.2 and are discussed in detail in the Literature Review (Section 2.3). 

Registers have also been developed under voluntary initiatives and can equally apply to occupational risks [224],... 

What is the general view and experience in Germany of voluntary initiatives ... 

Effectiveness Achieving overall risk reduction would be left to the devices of the Member States who would retain the ability to enact measures beyond EU target by using different regulatory tools, including taxes and voluntary initiatives. Targets would establish minimal levels of risk reduction. 

Another technology collaboration vehicle which has been established by lEA Member countries is the Climate Technology Initiative (CTI). The CTI is a voluntary initiative to foster and strengthen the development and deployment of climate-friendly technologies. Its aim is to share the experience and benefits of national and international measures, practices and processes in all parts of the energy chain. It builds upon existing efforts. 

J. Moffet and F. Bregha, The Responsible Care Program. In R. Gibson (Ed.), Voluntary Initiatives (Broadview Press, Toronto, 1999). 

J. Moffet, F. Bregha and M. Middelkoop, Responsible Care A Case Study of a Voluntary Environmental Initiative, in R. Gibson, ed., Voluntary Initiatives, Ch. 6, Broadview Press, Toronto, Canada, 1999. 

Responsible Care is the global chemical industry s environmental, health and safety (EHS) initiative to drive continuous improvement in performance. It achieves this objective by meeting and going beyond legislative and regulatory compliance, and by adopting cooperative and voluntary initiatives with government and other stakeholders. Responsible Care is both an ethic and a commitment and... 

EPA s National Performance Track (NPT) and Stewardship voluntary initiative program with P2 objective... 

There are many reasons why you need to understand the requirements and recommendations of the various voluntary initiatives and regulations covering written operating and maintenance procedmes. Written procedures... 

The first section of this chapter provides a discussion of hazard assessment, classification of potentially dangerous substances, and the process of risk assessment. A summary of the mandatory and voluntary initiatives for regulating chemicals and biocides in the United States and Europe is also included together with information on the regulatory aspects of hazard communication. The second section deals with the scientific aspects of hazard identification and risk assessment of carcinogenic chemicals within the regulatory context. 

The discussion that follows provides an overview of laws in the United States and Europe for regulating industrial chemicals, followed by a discussion of voluntary initiatives for evaluating medium- and high-production-volume industrial chemicals. Thereafter, the laws for regulating biocides in the United States and Europe are discussed. 

Nevertheless, as already mentioned, esterquats replaced DHTDMAC in the early 1990s. This move, a voluntary initiative from the industry, allowed the use of materials not classified as dangerous for the environment instead of materials classified as very toxic to aquatic organisms and potentially having long-term effects on the environment. 

An early mover in voluntary initiatives was that of Responsible Care begun in Canada in 1987 to develop the principles on which the chemical industry could base its product development from laboratory to disposal, to improve its health, safety and environmental performance (see Table 1). That was taken up by the International Council for Chemical Associations in 1991 and now covers 87 per cent of global chemical production in 42 countries. Mainly adopted by the larger multi-nationals, the Responsible Care concept needs to be extended to more small and medium sized enterprises [3],... 

Stakeholder relations 10 Employees, customers and consumers. Contractors and suppliers. Regulatory bodies. Voluntary initiatives. 

Less controversial is the notion that companies adopt voluntary initiatives to create financial value in one form or another. Lyon and Maxwell... 

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