Volume reduction ratio

Uranium is subsequendy stripped reductively from the loaded solvent using a bleed stream of the raffinate acid to which ferrous iron has been added to reduce uranium to its nonextractable, quadravalent state. Raffinate is acid from which uranium has already been extracted. By controlling the organic-to-aqueous volume phase ratios in the extraction and stripping circuits, uranium is concentrated by a factor of approximately 70. 

FCB using these catalyst particles. We investigated the effects of the gas-volume reduction rate and the maximum contraction ratio on the fluidization behavior during the reaction. 

In the present study, we carried out the hydrogenation of CO2. We did not use any inert components in the feed. We changed the value of r by changing the molar ratio of H2 to CO2 in the feed gases, a. The parameter p is defined as the volume ratio of the product gas to the reactant gas when the reaction completely proceeds under a constant pressure. The extent of the gas-volume reduction is affected by the stoichiometric relation of the reaction and the content of the inert components in the feed. As given in Eq.(l), p is the function of only the parameter a and the expression of p is affected by a. When a > 4, the limiting reactant is H2, while it is CO2 in the case of a < 4. 

Figure 188 shows how much the volume of tank would be reduced by latent heat of water. Although the reduction ratio depends on temperature... 

Since its grinding volume is some 30-40 times smaller than that of a ball mill for the same task, the Szego mill is compact for its capacity. It is characterised by relatively low specific energy consumption, typically 20-30 per cent lower than in a ball mill, and flexibility of operation. It can give a large reduction ratio, typically 10-20, and grinds material down to a 15-45 xm size range. 

Another scheme proposed for collecting enough concentrate for animal studies is shown in Figure 1. In this scheme for concentrating 135 gal of water to a 5-gal methylene chloride concentrate, reverse osmosis is used to reduce the initial 2000-gal volume of water to 135 gal, and the CLLE is used to further concentrate the retentate to 5 gal for biological testing. The LLE portion of this scheme was simulated in a set of CLLE evaluation experiments. The concentration factor from 135 to 5 gal is 27 1, which was easily attainable with the CLLE units. The water-to-solvent ratio in the extractors was 10 1, and the additional volume reduction was achieved by solvent distillation in the distillation chambers of the CLLE units. 

When the rejection coefficient equals one, Equation (6.6) reduces to Equation (6.5). A plot of the concentration ratio of retained solute as a function of the volume reduction for membranes with varying rejection coefficients is shown in Figure 6.18. This figure illustrates the effect of partially retentive membranes on loss of solute. 

Theoretical approaches to total energy as a function of volume predict a phase transition to the rock salt structure under high pressure [11,12], The transition is calculated to occur at a pressure of about 245 GPa and an experimental value of 230 GPa [13] has been quoted [9], but other workers quote 10 -14 GPa [14]. The critical volume ratio [11] is V/V0 = 0.83, equivalent to a molecular volume reduction from 31 to 27 A3. 

Figure 2.18. Determination of the inuhn clearance. Inuhn is injected intravenously (ideally by way of continuous infusion), and its concentrations in blood and urine are determined. The ratio of these concentrations will be inversely proportional to the urine volume reduction after glomerular filtration multiplied by the urine flow, it thus provides an estimate of the glomerular flltration rate.

The full potential of the hydrostatic extrusion technique became apparent in 1974, when the production of ultra high mudulus polyethy lenes with stiffnesses up to 60 GPa were reported The main process parameter in hydrostatic extrusion is the nominal extrusion ratio Rj, the ratio of the billet cross-sectional area to that of the die exit (assuming deformation occurs at constant volume, which is a very good approximation). Because polymers can exhibit die swell in extrusion, it is convenient also to define an actual extrusion ratio R, based on the ratio of the initial and final billet cross-sections. R is, of course, direcUy comparable to the draw ratio in tensile drawing (assuming plug-flow) and in practice R R for all but the lowest reduction ratios. 

This is the weight fraction of enzyme in the feed actually recovered in the final permeate, normalized to the volume fraction of the feed collected as permeate. Unlike a simple yield calculation, this efficiency separates the effect of volume recovery from the effects of protein transmission. For example, for a five-fold volume reduction of the cell broth (before diafiltration), a protein passage efficiency of 100% corresponds to a yield of only 80%, because 20% of the protein originally fed is left behind in the retentate. For a constant passage efficiency, 3ueld will go up or down with changes in the volume reduction of the feed. For computational purposes, equation (3) reduces to a simple ratio of enz3une concentrations in the feed and final permeates ... 

Use crossflow batch with 100% recycle continuous with recycle ratio 15 to 30/1 or multistage (often three stages). Criteria to back wash and clean operate until a given concentration or volume reduction is reached in the retentate or a given purity or volume is achieved in the permeate. 

Batchwise concentration experiments were conducted with the four kinds of membranes under the selected operating conditions. Experimental results obtained in the batchwise concentration experiments are shown in Figure 22.9, where feed flow rate and operating pressure were 10 L/min and 4 MPa, respectively. Figure 22.9 shows changes in yield of each component with concentration factor, which is dehned as the ratio of initial feed volume to feed volume. Yield of creatinine and sodium decreased with increase in volume reduction factor, while that of anserine and carnosine was... 

Figure 11-61. Plasma-assisted catalytic reduction of NOx at 370°C in a pulsed corona plasma reactor packed with y-Al203 pellets. Total plasma and catalyst reactor volume is 0.5 L. The NOx reduction is shown as a function of the energy density input to the plasma. A Commins B 5.9 diesel engine running with a 95 kW load was used as the source of NOx. Propene reductant ratio Cl/NOx = 5. Space velocity in the system (a) 12,000 L/h, (b) 18,000 L/h.

To collect the high volume-to-weight ratio post-consumer plastics economically, truck-mounted compactors have been developed that seem to have the most promising future for mobile collection. They are self-contained and offer, on average, a reduction ratio of 10 1. Simple to operate, compactors accept all types of plastics, including film, and perform equally well with milk jugs and PET bottles as with mixed plastics. 

For each of these intensification challenges, the objective to be reached (volume reduction, reduced size/capadty ratio, etc.), and also the constraints (fixed productivity, fixed performance, quality specifications, etc.) can be identified and quantified with respect to technical and economic data. Unfortunately, the means to tackle these issues are much more complex to define since they can be of very different natures operating conditions (temperature, pressure, concentrations, etc.), physical or chemical parameters (solvents, catalysts, etc.), equipment (heat exchangers, mixers, columns, etc.), process parameters (reflux ratio, feed strategy of semi-batch reactors, separate unit operations or multi-functional reactors, separator types, etc.). In... 

Table 2.3 illustrates the changes in the apparatus shape permitting a volume reduction while maintaining the pressure drop constant. Two phenomena exhibiting different scale dependencies are successively considered. In the first case, the operation time is proportional to the radius, which may represent an apparent first-order heterogeneous reaction a two-fold decrease in the radius R can create a two-fold decrease in the reactor volume, which is mainly due to the increase in the surface-to-volume ratio. In the second case, the operation time is proportional to R, which represents a heat or mass transfer a two-fold decrease in the radius R then... 

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