Capadty ratio

Example S Estimation of fixed-capital investment with power factor applied to plant-capadty ratio. If the process plant, described in Example 1, was erected in the Dallas area for a fixed-capital investment of 436,000 in 1975, determine what the estimated fixed-capital investment would have been in 1980 for a similar process plant located near Los Angeles with twice the process capacity but with an equal number of process units Use the power-factor method to evaluate the new fixed-capital investment and assume the factors given in Table 20 apply. 

For each of these intensification challenges, the objective to be reached (volume reduction, reduced size/capadty ratio, etc.), and also the constraints (fixed productivity, fixed performance, quality specifications, etc.) can be identified and quantified with respect to technical and economic data. Unfortunately, the means to tackle these issues are much more complex to define since they can be of very different natures operating conditions (temperature, pressure, concentrations, etc.), physical or chemical parameters (solvents, catalysts, etc.), equipment (heat exchangers, mixers, columns, etc.), process parameters (reflux ratio, feed strategy of semi-batch reactors, separate unit operations or multi-functional reactors, separator types, etc.). In... 

Since the adsorption of plant metabolite onto adsorbent is a strong function of pH, the effect of pH upon the adsorption capadty of a plant metabolite should be investigated to understand and quantify product adsorption. The pH dependence of indole alkaloids, yohimbine and ajmalicine, and berberine onto XAD-7 has been reported [ 16,20]. As a model system, XAD-7 was examined to quantify berberine adsorption, especially in terms of pH and concentration dependence, which were used for the in situ berberine separation in Thalictrum ru-gosum cultures [19, 20]. Dependence of berberine adsorption on pH and concentration was investigated as shown in Fig. 4. Equilibrium ratio (Q/C), an affinity of berberine, could be calculated by Eq. (1) ... 

Phenols. Phenol has been condensed with furfural Mn presence of hydroxylamine hydrochloride and the condensate has been sulfonated in petroleum oil at 70-80 °C for 7-8 h and 3% hydrolyzed lignin has been added to give KFFUR-1,2 resin with a total capacity of 2.S-2.9 meq/g at 1 1 mole ratio and 3.5 meq/g at 2 1 mole ratio of phenol to furfural. In a similar way,/>-phenolsulfonic acid can be polymerized with furfural in the mole ratios 1 2 and 1 3 to give KFFUR-1,2,3 with a static exchange capacity of 3 meq/g for calcium chloride and 3.5-4.0 meq/g for sodium hydroxide. The mechanical properties and exchange capadty of this resin can be improved by conducting the polycondensation in a magnetic field... 

This relationship is known as the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation and it shows that the pH will be equal to the pKa when the ratio of conjugate base to acid is unity, since the final term will be zero. Consequently, the pKa of a buffer solution is an important factor in determining the buffer capadty at a particular pH. In practical terms, this means that a buffer solution will work most effectively at pH values about one unit either side of the pKa. 

The state-of-health is the ratio between the measured capadty and the rated capacity. 

Photosynthetic capadty is limited by the ratio of total RuBP concentration to total enzyme sites. To model real data accurately Eqn 3 is modified to ... 

Kd = [analyte, mobile]/[analyte, stationary] k (capadty factor or partition ratio) = (t, — tm)/tm... 

The oxidation of butane or naphtha is also used for the commercial production of acetic acid. The relevant processes were developed in the 1950s and 1960s, when increasing refinery capadties led to attractive prices for light hydrocarbon cuts. Not all mixtures of hydrocarbons are good feedstock for this process. The desirable ratio of methyl to methylene groups is 1 1 and the alkene content must be very low. 

A represents the square root of the mass ratio per backbone atom of the pol3uner to that of a CHj-group. B represents the ratio of of the polymer to 0 of polyethylene. The inverse proporticmaliiy of the 01-temperatures to the square roots of masses can be taken as an indication that the change in mass from one polymer to the other is the main factor determining the box distribution part of the Tarasov treatment. 01 governs the heat capacities from about 50° K. As a result it should be possible to estimate unknown] lattice contributions, C, to the heat capadty of solid polymers above 50° K by ... 

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