Volatile oil constituents

Vieira, R.E. et al.. Genetic diversity of Ocimum gratissimum L. based on volatile oil constituents, flavonoids and RAPD markers, Biochem. Syst. Ecol, 29, 287, 2001. 

Among the leafy spices, 45 aroma volatiles of desert parsley have been identified, with the major constituents as myristicin, apiole, /3-phellandrene, p-mentha-1,3,8-triene and 4-isopropenyl-l-methylbenzene (MacLeod eta/., 1985). Among these, apiole in particular has a desirable parsley odour character. The leaf stems of celery show three main constituents of volatiles, e.g. apiole (about 23%), 3-butylphthalide (about 22%) and sedanolide (about 24%). The last two possess a strong characteristic celery aroma (MacLeod et al., 1988). Limonene (40.5%), P-selinene (16.3%), cis-ocimene (12.5%) and P-caryophyllene (10.5%) are some of the volatile oil constituents present in celery leaves from Nigeria (Ehiabhi et al., 2003). 

Zhao, J. and Cranston, P.M. (1995) Microbial decontamination of black pepper by ozone and the effect of the treatment on volatile oil constituents of the spice, journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 68(1), 11-18. 

Variyar, P.S., Bandyopadhyay, C. and Thomas, P. (1 998) Effect of y-irradiation on the volatile oil constituents of some Indian spices. Food Research International 31 (2), 105-109. 

Boselah, N.A.E. (1995) Effect of different levels of salinity on the growth, yield and volatile oil constituents of coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) plants. Annals of Agricultural Science, Moshtohor 33(1), 345-358. 

Betts, T.J. (1993) Capability of a carbon support to improve the gas chromatographic performance of a liquid crystal phase in a packed column for some volatile oil constituents. Journal of Chromatography A 641 (1,2), 189-193. 

Betts, T.J., Charmaine, M.M. and Tassone, A.I. (1991) Use of a liquid crystal stationary phase at temperatures below its melting point for the gas chromatographic study of some volatile oil constituents, journal of Chromatography A 547, 335-344. 

The phenylpropanoids rrans-anethole (61) and rran -cinnamaldehyde (62) are used as flavoring agents in foods in the United States and some other countries [20]. tranj-Cinnamaldehyde (62) Avas isolated from Cinnamomum osmophloeum Kanehira (Lauraceae) as a sweet principle, while tra/w-anethole (61) was isolated as the volatile oil constituent responsible for the sweet taste of several plant species, as listed in Table 1 [92]. These two compounds occur widely in the plant kingdom. Therefore, it is necessary to rule out their presence in any candidate sweet plant by a dereplication procedure in a natural product sweetener discovery program using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) [46,47]. 

A strip pack using an aluminium foil/low density polyethylene laminate was used for a tablet containing volatile oil constituents. Delamination between foil and film subsequently occurred as the volatile constituents passed through the polyethylene and softened the adhesive bond. It was not known that the bond was an adhesive at the time, and subsequently an extrusion-coated laminate provided a satisfactory answer. 

Carum carvi L. (Apiaceae) essential oil is able to kill 5. oryzae, and carvone seems to be the active compound against it. (L)-anethole is proven to be effective against R. dominica. Limonene and fenchone, for example, were active against C. pusillus (Lopez et al., 2008). C. copticum C.B. Clarke volatile oil constituents are thymol, a-terpineol, and p-cymene. Especially S. oryzae was weak against the fumigant action of the essential oil, but also mortality on T. castaneum can be observed (Sahafet al, 2007). 

Betts, T. J. 1994. Evaluation of a Chirasil-Val capillary forthe gas chromatography of volatile oil constituents, including sesquiterpenes in patchouli oil. Journal of Chromatography A, 664,295 300. 

Aerial parts of N. sintenisii yielded 0.3% of a clear yellowish oil. Forty constituents (96.5% of the total oil) were identified. The main components were 4aP,7a,7aP-nepetalactone (23.4%), elemol (16.1%), E- -farnesene (9.5%), 1,8-cineole (8.2%), cw-sabinene hydrate (6.5%), P-bisabolene (4.2%), germacrene-D (3.5%), P-sesquiphellandrene (2.8%), P-bourbonene (1.5%) and a-epi-cadinol (1.3%). According to available data, Nepeta species can be divided into two groups of nepetalactone-containing and nepetalactone-free species. The results of this study indicate that the compositions of volatile oil of N. sintenisii are similar to the other Nepeta genus and this plant could be classified in the group which 4aP,7a,7aP-nepetalactone is the major component of their oils. 

Headspace analysis (EPA 3810, 5021) also works well for analyzing volatile petroleum constituents in soil. In the test method, the soil is placed in a headspace vial and heated to drive out the volatiles from the sample into the headspace of the sample container. Salts can be added for more efficient release of the volatile compounds into the headspace. Similar to water headspace analysis, the soil headspace technique is useful when heavy oils and high analyte concentrations are present, which can severely contaminate purge-and-trap instrumentation. Detection limits are generally higher for headspace analysis than for purge-and-trap analysis. 

CS136 Lin, Z., Y. Hua, Y. Gu, J. Ma, P. Chen and Y. Xiao. Study on the chemical constituents on the volatile oils from the fresh leaves of Camellia sinensis. 

Essential oil, also defined as essence, volatile oil, etheric oil or aetheroleum, is a complex mixture of volatile constituents biosynthesised by living organisms. Essential oils can be liberated from their matrix by water, steam and dry distillation, or expression in the case of citrus fruits [1-5]. Their occurrence and function in nature is still a question and the subject of ongoing research. However, there is evidence that organisms produce essential oils for defence, signalling or as part of their secondary metabolism. As a consequence essential oils comprise an important bio resource for renewable natural products [1-25]. 

Monoterpenes, 10-carbon-containing terpenoids, are composed of two isoprene units, and found abundantly in plants, e.g. (+)-limonene from lemon oil, and (—)-linalool from rose oil. Many monoterpenes are the constituents of plant volatile oils or essential oils. These compounds are particularly important as flavouring agents in pharmaceutical, confectionery and perfume products. However, a number of monoterpenes show various types of bioactivity and are used in medicinal preparations. For example, camphor is used in liniments against rheumatic pain, menthol is used in ointments and liniments as a remedy against itching, bitter-orange peel is used as an aromatic bitter tonic and as a remedy for poor appetite and thymol and carvacrol are used in bactericidal preparations. 

Kirchner, J. G. Miller, J. M. Volatile water-soluble and oil constituents of Valencia orange juice. J. Agric. Food Chem., 1957, U, 283-291. 

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