Volatile amines, determination

Veciana-Nogues, M. T., M. S. Albala-Hurtado, M. Izquierdo-Pulido, and M. C. Vidal-Carou. 1996. Validation of a gas-chromatographic method for volatile amine determination in fish samples. Food Chem. 51 513-569. 

Ammonia.. The most rehable results for ammonia are obtained from fresh samples. Storage of acidified samples at 4°C is the best way to minimi2e losses if prompt analysis is impossible. The sample acidity is neutrali2ed prior to analysis. Ammonia concentrations of 10 -0.5 M can be determined potentiometricaHy with the gas-sensing, ion-selective electrode. Volatile amines are the only known interferents. 

Therefore the problem of development of express, inexpensive and simple in use test-methods for determination of volatile amines is of present day interest. 

Volatile amines from Ci to C(, and ammonia were separated on a PoraPLOT column, with or without a temperature gradient, depending on volatility. The method is applicable to determination of the purity of manufactured amines. Trace analysis of these amines can be performed by capillary GC-FID and of ammonia by GC-ELCD101. 

PDMS-DVB is a multiple-component bipolar sorbent coating. PDMS-DVB is commercially available in a film thickness of 65 pm for SPME of volatile, amine, or nitroaromatic analytes for GC analyses or in a film thickness of 60 pm for SPME of amines and polar compounds for final determination by HPLC [137], DVB is suspended in the PDMS phase [135],... 

Storm, T., Reemtsma, T., and Jekel, M. Use of volatile amines as ionpairing agents for the HPLC-tandem mass spectrometric determination of aromatic sulphonates in industrial wastewater. J. Chromatogr. A. 1999, 854,175-195. 

Parris N. 1984. An improved fluorometric method for the determination of ammonia and volatile amines in meat tissue by high-performance liquid chromatography. J Agric Food Chem 32 829-831. 

Seeber, G., Bnchmeiser, M. R., Bonn, G. K., and Bertsch, T., Determination of airborne, volatile amines fram polyurethane foams by sorptionan to a high-capacity cation-exchange resin based on polyfsnccinic acid), J. Chromatogr., 809, 121-129, 1998. 

Gao, C. X., Krull, I. S. and Trainor, T. M., Determination of volatile amines in air by on-line solid-phase derivatization and high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet and fluorescence detection, J. Chromatogr., 463, 192-200, 1989. 

Lindahl, R., Levin, J. O., and Andersson, K., Determination of volatile amines in air by diffusive sampling, thiourea formation and high-performance hquid chromatography, J. Chromatogr., 643, 35-41, 1993. 

In practice, a swab of vaginal discharge fluid is collected by the gynecologist during a routine visit or after complaints by the patient and placed in a vial and capped. The addition of an alkaline solution to the sample enhances the volatilization of amines even at room temperature, and headspace vapors containing volatile amines, if present, may be transferred to an IMS analyzer for quantitative determination. After about 10 s, the swab can be heated rapidly, and in some cases also treated with a few drops of a dilute acid solution, and headspace vapors can be sampled for other... 

FIGURE 18.4 Mobility spectra showing the formation of volatile amines from the spoilage of pork, turkey, beef, and chicken during storage at room temperature for 1 day. Calibration was with 2 ng of TMA (trimethylamine). TMA and cadaverine (CAD) are apparent in the mobility spectrum for each muscle food. The reagent gas was n-nonylamine. (From Karpas et al.. Determination of volatile biogenic amines in muscle food products by ion mobility spectrometry, AmZ. Chim. Acta 2002, 463(2) 155-163. With permission.)... 

Ammonium is determined in many laboratories in a CF system in which the Berthelot reaction is implemented. In the Berthelot reaction, ammonium reacts with chlorine and phenol in the presence of sodium nitroprusside as catalyst in alkaline medium. EDTA is added to prevent interference of calcium and magnesium. Modern systems have been developed that use macroporous polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) membranes. In these systems a sample is introduced into a stream to which sodium hydroxide solution is added. Ammonia diffuses through the PTFE membrane into a stream of de-ionized water and the stream is fed through the flow-through cell of a conductivity meter. In this system a minimum of reagents is required and the only interference is from volatile amines. 

In general, systems for extraction of volatile amines, TMA, DMA, ammonia, and other compounds for FIA determination are similar to the systems used for extraction of NPN in the muscle of which they are a part. 

Chan, S. T., M. W. Y. Yao, Y. C. Wong, T. Wong, and C. S. Mok. 2006. Evaluation of chemical indicators for monitoring freshness of food and determination of volatile amines in fish by headspace solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Eur. Food Res. Technol. 224 67-74. 

Conway, E. J. 1962. Determination of volatile amines. In Microdiffusion Analysis and Volumetric Error (5th ed.), pp. 195-200. London, UK Crosby Lockwood. 

Note however that histamine is a non-volatile amine and hence recourse is to explore in solution and apply an extraction protocol (such as liquid-liquid extraction) from the sample matrix. Electrochemical approaches have involved the use of boron-doped diamond electrodes which are reported to be superior to GC electrodes due to diamond s higher sensitivity, stability and reproducibility.Diamond is demonstrated to be the best electrode material for the detection of histamine, possessing high sensitivity, even at high oxidation potentials, and for the detection of serotonin, which fouls other electrodes such as GC after oxidation. High stability and remarkable detection limits for the determination of histamine (with serotonin also explored) via amperometry are reported to be possible.Table 16.3 provides a thorough overview of the electrochemical approaches for sensing histamine. 

The results obtained have allowed us to develop the analytical procedures for the preconcentration and determination of microquantities of the monatomic phenols, aromatic amines and total volatile primary amines by HPLC and photometric methods. 

Demand for amine (neutralization capacity) is determined by C02 loading and amine equivalent weight. Polyfunctional amines appear to have a large equivalent weight advantage, but in practice they often have very low volatility and poor thermal stability. 

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