Visual field examination

The management of open-angle glaucoma requires periodic dilation of the pupil for fundus, optic nerve, and visual field examination. Pupillary dilation is essential for the following reasons ... 

Patients taking this drug should have regular peripheral visual field examinations, and consideration should be given to electrodiagnostic testing, especially electrooculography. 

PE Ophthalmoscopy reveals slight cupping of the optic disc OD, Visual field examination appears normal. The patient denies any decrease in visual acuity or pain. Current medications include metformin, fosinopril, and glyburide. 

B. Other useful laboratory studies Include electrolytes, glucose, BUN, creatinine, liver transaminases, urinalysis, chest x-ray, and arterial blood gases (if pneumonitis Is suspected). Urinary markers of early nephrotoxicity (microalbuminuria, retinol binding protein, beta-2 microglobulin, and /V-aoetylgluoosaminidase) may aid detection of early adverse effects. Formal visual field examination may be useful for organic mercury exposure. 

Since the probability of vigabatrin-associ-ated visual field loss is positively associated with treatment duration, careful assessment of the balance of benefit to harm in continuing treatment with vigabatrin is recommended in patients who are currently taking it. In those who continue to take it, visual field examination at least every 6 months is recommended. 

A 65-year-old male complains of losing his vision Retinal examination reveals optic nerve cupping. Peripheral vision loss is observed on visual field tests, and his intraocular pressure is increased. Following treatment with a drug, he has improved visual acuity and decreased intraocular pressure. 

Patients usually have multiple signs of neurologic dysfunction on physical examination. The specific deficits observed depend upon the area of the brain involved. Hemi- or monoparesis and hemisensory deficits are common. Patients with posterior circulation involvement may present with vertigo and diplopia. Anterior circulation strokes commonly result in aphasia. Patients may also experience dysarthria, visual field defects, and altered levels of consciousness. 

Ophthalmic effects Irreversible retinal damage has been observed in some patients who had received long-term or high-dosage 4-aminoquinoline therapy for discoid and SLE or RA. When prolonged therapy is contemplated, perform initial (baseline) and periodic (every 3 months) ophthalmologic examinations (including visual acuity, expert slit-lamp, funduscopic, and visual field tests). 

Nasal budesonide or beclomethasone 100 micrograms bd for 3-9 months had no effect on the eyes in 26 patients who had undergone endoscopic sinus surgery (440). Ophthalmologic examination, tonometry, visual field testing, and biomicroscopic studies showed no evidence of ocular hypertension or posterior subcapsular cataract. 

Up until the 1960 s, in spite of a great deal of data to the contrary, nearly all of the discussion in the visual field assumed the visual process to be a linear one this is nearly so today. Frequently, the invocation was made that the system approached linearity over limited operating ranges of interest to a particular investigator. When examined closely, there is practically no region or regime where the visual process approaches linearity. This is especially tme in the laboratory where the experimentalist normally and traditionally applies very large stimuli to the system relative to the natural environment. 

A 79-year-old woman presented to her optometrist with a 2-day history of seeing orange spots in both visual fields 2 months after starting to take celecoxib 100 mg/day (145). Physical examination and a CT scan were normal. Celecoxib was withdrawn and her symptoms resolved within 3 days. 

A 58-year-old woman complaining of poor focus and gaps in her vision was examined by an ophthalmologist. These complaints were attributed to her contact lenses however, during the course of the examination Schiqtz tonometry was performed, and readings of 23.8 mm Hg were obtained in each eye. Despite this result no dilated fundus examination or visual field assessment was... 

The incidence of optic neuropathy in thyroid eye disease is 5% to 10%. The class 6 patient usually has mild to moderate proptosis and relatively shallow orbits. Thyroid optic neuropathy may be evidenced by papilledema, papillitis, or retrobulbar neuritis and usually is characterized by a painless and gradual loss of visual acuity. Common visual field defects include central scotomas, arcuate or altitudinal defects, paracentral scotomas, or generalized depressions. Thus visual field and optic disc examinations are the best diagnostic tools for early optic neuropathy. Occasionally, vision loss can occur precipitously over 1 or 2 weeks. Other features of optic nerve dysfunction frequently associated with the decreased visual acuity are color vision disturbances, afferent pupillary defects in the less proptotic eye in patients with asymmetric involvement, and prolongation of the pupil cycle time. 

Patients with minimum optic nerve dysfunction (visual acuity of 20/30 [6/9] or better) may be managed by observation alone. However, the tendency for rapid progression demands serial examinations of visual acuity, visual fields, and pupillary testing. 

Because tamoxifen retinopathy can occur at relatively low total doses of drug, it is important to obtain a baseline examination within the first year after therapy is begun. This should include best-corrected visual acuity, visual fields and Amsler grid evaluations, and fundus examination. It is important to monitor symptomatic... 

The interparticle reaction between the Anti-HSA-IgG-spacer-latex and the HSA-spacer-latex was also examined by direct visual observation of latex particles using an ultramicroscope(2) The percent of monomeric latex particles in the visual field was determined with the lapse of time. At time=0, only monomeric particles of the anti-HSAIgG-spacer-AL-2 were found to be present in the visual field and by the addition of a small amount of HSA-spacer-AL-2 suspension into the observation cell, the number of monomeric particles decreased with time and almost levelled off (Figure 5). Although not shown in the figure, the number of dimeric particles in the visual field increased with time correspondingly to the decrease in the number of monomeric particles. 

A standard comprehensive eye examination is performed on the initial visit. If any visual field or optic nerve changes consistent with glaucoma are present, additional appropriate testing should be done to establish a diagnosis. 

A 60-year-old smoker was treated with interferon alfa (100 MU/week for 2 months and 9 MU/week for 15 weeks) for cutaneous melanoma. Ocular examination was normal before treatment, but he developed acute loss of peripheral vision in his left eye after 23 weeks. Examination was consistent with anterior ischemic optic neuropathy, and there was optic disc edema, a pupillary defect, and circular visual field constriction in the left eye. There was renal artery constriction in both eyes. Despite treatment with aspirin, high-dose dexamethasone, heparin, and finally withdrawal of interferon alfa, loss of visual function progressed and affected both eyes. Ciclosporin was started, but he was considered to have irreversible loss of visual function. 

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