Capillary arrays

Shi Y., Simpson P.C., Scherer J.R., Wexler D., Skibola C., Smith, M.T., and Mathies R.A., Radial capillary array electrophoresis microplate and scanner for high-performance nucleic acid analysis, Anal. Chem. 71, 5354, 1999. 

Kheterpal I. and Mathies R. A., Capillary array electrophoresis. DNA sequencing, Anal. Chem. News Features, 71 (1), 31A, 1999. 

In a different approach a super-high-throughput ee-assay was developed on the basis of chirally modified capillary array electrophoresis (CAE).90 CAE was used in the Human Genome Project, and commercially available instruments have been developed which comprise a high number of capillaries in parallel, for example the 96-capillary unit MegaBACE consisting of 6 bundles of 16 capillaries.91 The system can address a 96-well microtiter plate. It was adapted to perform ee-determinations of chiral amines, which are potentially accessible by catalytic reductive amination of ketones, transition metal catalyzed Markovnikov addition of ammonia, or enzymatic hydrolysis of acetamides (Scheme 14).90... 

The Human Genome Project (see Appendix 2, Section A2.3.3) was completed in 2006. One method it used to improve the speed and quality of the sequencing was capillary array electrophoresis (Exhibit 3.12). 

DNA samples are introduced into the 96-capillary array. When the samples are separated through the capillaries, the fragments are irradiated with laser hght. A charge coupled device measures the fluorescence and acts as a multichannel detector. The bases are identifled in order in accordance to the time required for them to reach the laser-detector region. 

Unimicro Technologies Trisep-100 (Pleasanton, CA) Capillary array instrumentation CEC, pLC, CZE Gradient elution, several detectors... 

FIGURE 3 A schematic of a 96-capillary array instrument. The picture is courtesy of Combisep (Ames, lA). 

Bromberg, A. and R. A. Mathies. Multichannel homogeneous immunoassay for detection of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) using a microfabricated capillary array electrophoresis chip. Electrophoresis 25, 1895-1900 (2004). 

Fluorescence/capillary array electrophoresis amines, alcohols, etc. 25... 

The advantage of fluorescence-based assays is their high sensitivity. It is therefore perhaps surprising that few such systems have been developed for evaluating the enantioselectivity of enzyme-catalyzed reactions. Fluorescence as a detection method is used in an enzyme-coupled assay [26] (see Section 9.3.4.3) and in the capillary array electrophoresis [25] (see Section 9.3.6.5). If several substrates need to be screened simultaneously, fluorescence-based substrate arrays as enzyme fingerprinting tools can be used, although enantioselectivity still needs to be addressed [26e],... 

The atomic beam was formed by a multichannel capillary array, placed perpendicular to the positron beam, with a 2.5 mm2 effusing area and a length-to-diameter ratio of 25 1. The head pressure behind the array was kept at 9 torr (ss 103 Pa) in the initial measurements. An annealed tungsten moderator was used to provide a beam of more than 105 positrons per second at 200 eV. A much more intense beam of electrons could also be obtained by reversing the electrostatic potentials on the various elements which made up the transport system. Channel electron multipliers (CEM1 and CEM2 respectively) were used to monitor the incident and scattered beams. In later versions of the apparatus, a third... 

Capillary gel electrophoresis (CGE) with polymer solutions is about 8 to 10 times faster than slab gel electrophoresis. However, the single-lane nature of CE was unable to compete in throughput with slab gel instruments, which are run in parallel. This led to the development of capillary array electrophoresis (CAE) [38] in 1992. As the name suggests, electrophoresis is performed in an array of capillaries to run multiple samples in parallel. Figure 8.20 shows a microfabricated capillary array system [39] on a glass wafer consisting of 96 channels. 

Figure 8.20. Capillary array electrophoresis on a chip mask pattern for the 96-channel radial capillary array electrophoresis microplate. (Reprinted with permission from Ref. 39.)...

FIGURE 5.17 Migration of a probe across the PCTE membrane consisting of capillary arrays with 15-nm (left) and 200-nm (right) pore diameters connecting two 100-pm-wide PDMS channels. Fluorescence intensity (solid line, left axis) and applied bias, AV (dashed line, right axis) are plotted as a function of time to monitor the transport of 0.17 pM fluorescein in 5 mM (pH 8) phosphate buffer [592]. Reprinted with permission from the American Chemical Society. 

The microfluidic chip uniquely facilitates high-throughput genetic analysis. For instance, 12 different samples were analyzed in parallel by capillary array electrophoresis (CAE) see Figure 9.20. The two-color method was used for... 

Mathies, R.A., Simpson, P.C., Woolley, A.T., DNA analysis with capillary array electrophoresis microplates. Micro Total Analysis Systems 98, Proceedings pTAS 98 Workshop, Banff, Canada, 13-16 Oct. 1998, 1-6. 

Medintz, I.L., Paegel, B.M., Blazej, R.G., Emrich, C.A., Berti, L., Scherer, J.R., Mathies, R.A., High-performance genetic analysis using microfabricated capillary array electrophoresis microplates. Electrophoresis 2001, 22, 3845-3856. 

Woolley, A.T., Mathies, R.A., Ultra-high-speed DNA fragment separations using microfabricated capillary array electrophoresis chips. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1994,91, 11348-11352. 

---