Virus transmissibility

Risks associated with infusion of blood products include transfusion-related reactions, virus transmission (rare), hypocalcemia resulting from added citrate, elevations in serum potassium and phosphorus concentrations from use of stored blood that has hemolyzed, increased blood viscosity from supranormal hematocrit elevations, and hypothermia from failure to appropriately warm solutions before administration. 

Smallpox Virus transmissible via large or small respiratory droplets or contact with skin lesions and secretions. 

Jauffret-Roustide M, Emmanuelli M, Barin F, Arduin P, Laporte A Desenclos JC (2006). Impact of a harm-reduction policy on HIV and hepatitis C virus transmission among drug users recent French data—The ANRS-Coquelicot study. Substance Use and Misuse An International Interdisciplinary Forum, 41, 1603-21... 

Tabor E. The epidemiology of virus transmission by plasma derivatives clinical studies verifying the lack of transmission of hepatitis B and C viruses and HIV type 1. Transfusion 1999 39 1160-8. 

Gibbs, A. J. and Gower, J. C. (1960). The use of a multiple-transfer method in plant virus transmission studies Some statistical points arising in the analysis of results. Annals of Applied Biology, 48, 75-83. 

Quale, J.M., Landman, D., Wallace, B., Atwood, E., Ditore, V., Fruchter, G. Deja vu Nosocomial hepatitis B virus transmission and fingerstick monitoring. Amer. J. Med. 1998 105 296-301 Radvan, G.H., Hewson, E.G., Berenger, S., Brookman, D.J. The Newcastle hepatitis B outbreak. Observations on cause, management and prevention. Med. X Aust. 1986 144 461 -464 Rehermann, B. Immune responses in hepatitis B virus infection. Semin. Liver Dis. 2003 23 21-37... 

Ross, R.S., Viazov, S., Thormahlen, M., Bartz, L., Tamm, X, Rautenb-erg, R, Roggendorf, M., Deisler, A. Risk of hepatitis C virus transmission from an infected gynecologist to patients. Results of a 7-year retrospective investigation. Arch. Intern. Med. 2002 162 805—810... 

Thorburn, D., Roy, K., Cameron, S.O., Johnston, J., Hutchinson, S., McCruden, EAJ., Mills, P.R., Goldberg, D.J. Risk of hepatitis C virus transmission from patients to surgeons Model based on an unlinked anonymous study of hepatitis C virus prevalence in hospital patients in Glasgow. Gut 2003 52 1333-1338... 

Many freeze dried coagulation concentrates are heated to reduce the risk of virus transmission. During terminal dry-heat treatment, freeze dried FVIII concentrate in final container is heated for periods ranging from several minutes to several days at temperatures ranging from 60 to This method was orig-... 

Manufacturing processes have evolved dramatically over the last few years. In the late 1980s, 76 /o of hemophiliacs were HCV positive, ° and between 1979 and 1985, approximately 50 /o of hemophiliacs had acquired HIV from plasma-derived FVIII. Since then, however, most U.S.-licensed plasma derivatives have not transmitted HBV, HCV, or HIV as a result of improvements in donor screening and test methods, and the inclusion of effective upstream virus-reduction and terminal virus-inactivation steps in manufacturing processes. Residual risks of virus transmission from plasma-derived products are now largely associated with non-enveloped viruses. " Thus, the need for additional terminal or upstream virus inactivation/removal steps still exists, but the current challenge is to develop cost effective methods against physico-chemically resistant non-enveloped viruses, such as human parvovirus B19. 

Hepatitis A virns (HAV) Only a few reports on hepatitis A virus transmission have appeared (153,154). In 1992 an outbreak of icteric hepatitis A involving at least 83 patients with hemophilia A in Italy, Belginm, Ireland, and Germany was docnmented aU had been treated with a high purity factor VIII concentrate prodnced by one manufacturer (157,158) there was icterus in 93% and a diagnosis of hepatitis A was based on the presence of IgM anti-HA. The original sonrce of contamination was not definitively estabhshed, bnt it is possible that the virus did not originate from the plasma donors. 

Biggerstaff BJ, Petersen LR. Estimated risk of West Nile virus transmission through blood transfusion during an epidemic in Queens, New York City. Transfusion 2002 42(8) 1019-26. 

Recombinant factor VIII is stabilized with human serum albumin during purification and in the final product. Although albumin has an excellent safety record and no recombinant antihemophilic factors have been associated with virus transmission, there is still concern about the safety of products that contain human- or animal-derived components (50). A second-generation recombinant factor VIII product has been developed with a modified manufacturing process and a formulation in which the recombinant factor VIII is stabilized by sucrose instead of albumin (50). 

Most common—corn Environment friendly Dow, Monsanto, Sigma-Aldrich, Prodigen, Epicyte Pharmaceutical developing products No virus transmission though contained Fear of getting into food chain... 

Transgenic plant technology holds great promise. Several crops including corn, tobacco, potato, and soybean have been studied for the production of antibodies and proteins. The product, especially antibodies, concentrates in the corn kernels, and is easily separated. The systems are safe in terms of virus transmission, because plant viruses do not survive in animals. The one concern is the ability to keep the plants isolated from other crops. The pharm plant products, as they are called, cannot be allowed into the food chain. So currently, these plants are not grown in any food producing areas. 

Blood products are not risk-free. For example, there is the rare but important risk of virus transmission (e.g., HIV, hepatitis). The administration of blood products has its own risks. For example, citrate that is added to stored blood to prevent coagulation may bind to... 

The varicella vaccine has an excellent safety record. Pain, local swelling, and erythema at the injection site occur in up to 32% of patients and fever in 10% to 15%. A varicella-like rash occurs in approximately 4% of vaccinees, accompanied by few, if any, systemic symptoms. The rash may be localized at the injection site or generalized. Lesions are usually few in number (2 to 10) and often papular rather than vesicular. Transmission of vaccine virus to susceptible close contacts has occurred, but it is very rare and is believed to occur only when the vaccinee develops a rash. Because the risk of vaccine virus transmission is very low and primary infection can be very severe, vaccination of household contacts of immunocompromised patients is recommended to prevent introduction of varicella into the household. " ... 

Keywords Hepatitis E virus transmission epidemiology diagnosis vaccine prevention treatment intestine... 

Beutner U, Kraus E, Kitamura D, Rajewsky K, Huber BT B cells are essential for murine mammary tumor virus transmission, but not for presentation of endogenous superantigens. J Exp Med 1994 179 1457-1466. 

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