Protein-carbohydrate interaction

J. C. Sacchettini, L. G. Baum, and C. F. Brewer, Multivalent protein-carbohydrate interactions. A new paradigm for supermolecular assembly and signal transduction, Biochemistry, 40 (2001) 3009-3015. 

Thiourea Linkages. Attachment of saccharide units to the surface of PAMAM through thiourea linkages offers one of the most efficient ways to develop multivalent ligands quickly and efficiently for the study of protein-carbohydrate interactions. 

R. J. Pieters, Maximising multivalency effects in protein-carbohydrate interactions, Org. Biomol. Chem., 7 (2009) 2013-2025. 

It is clear that protein-carbohydrate interactions are essential in numerous biological processes and that the development of carbohydrate mimetics that interfere with these processes would provide a powerful methodology for both modulation and amelioration of specific biological activity. Since the early 1990s, novel... 

Glycoproteins play an important role in, for example, immunology and the elucidation of the functions of the carbohydrate residues are therefore the focus of great current efforts. The protein-bound carbohydrates perform an array of functions ranging from protection against proteolysis to the complex interplay with receptors and the discrimination of these functions in simple model systems can perhaps aid in a more detailed understanding of protein-carbohydrate interactions. 

N. K. Vyas, Atomic features of protein-carbohydrate interactions, Curr. Opin. Struct. Biol., 1 (1991)... 

Figure 13.1 A schematic representation of a variety of processes that are mediated by multivalent protein-carbohydrate interactions.

Efforts to understand and to modulate physiologically relevant protein-carbohydrate interactions have led to the synthesis of many glycosylated frameworks (Zanini and Roy 1998a Mann and Kiessling 2001 Choi 2004 Wittmann 2004). In order for a synthetic, carbohydrate-functionalized framework to be successfully used for binding to proteins, the carbohydrates on the framework must be appropriately... 

Figure 13.4 A schematic showing some of the frameworks that have been reported for the study of protein-carbohydrate interactions. Carbohydrates are represented as cyclohexane. (Top) Glycodendrimer, carbohydrate-functionalized nanoparticle, and star polymer. (Bottom) Linear glycopolymer, carbohydrate-functionalized protein, and carbohydrate-functionalized surface.

Multivalent protein-carbohydrate interactions mediate many intercellular recognition processes. In order to study and to modulate multivalent protein-carbohydrate interactions, many carbohydrate-functionalized frameworks and systems have been synthesized. The glycodendrimer is one important glycosystem that has been used to study lectin binding. For our work, glycodendrimers based on the PAMAM framework are ideal because of the inherently flexible nature of PAMAM and because of the ease with which PAMAMs can be functionalized with carbohydrates. 

The described examples, where more than one carbohydrate is attached to a synthetic framework, foreshadow the advances that we should expect in research involving multivalent protein-carbohydrate interactions. Functionalization of multivalent... 

Magnusson G (1986) Synthetic neo-glycoconjugaters. In Lark D (ed) Protein-carbohydrate interactions in biological systems. Academic Press, London, p 215 Schnaar RL (1984) Anal Biochem 143 1 Pazur J (1981) Adv Carbohydr Chem Biochem 39 405 Roy R (1996) Polymers News 21 226 Duncan R, Kopecek J (1984) Adv Polymer Sci 57 51... 

Nonprotein Components. More Information Is needed on the effects of proteln-llpld and protein-carbohydrate Interactions on protein gelation reactions. Effects of proteln-llpld Interaction on soy protein gelation have been partially characterized (24). 

Bundle DR in Lark DL (ed) Protein-carbohydrate interactions in biological systems Academic Press, London, p 165... 

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