Virial coefficients of polymer solutions

Many presentations of the second virial coefficient of polymer solutions contain different expressions for the quantities we have discussed. The difference lies in the fact that the factor p( - 0/T) appears in place of 1/2 - x-There are several attitudes we can take toward this difference. For one thing, we can regard the discrepancy as nothing more than different notation ... 

The second virial coefficient of polymer solutions has been the subject of theoretical study for decades. Nonetheless, no persuasive explanation is as yet available concerning its molecular weight dependnece in good solvent systems. To be important, the defect of the existing theories of A2 is not limited to this point. They reveal another discrepancy with experiment when we look at the behavior of A2 in poor solvents below the 0 temperature. 

KUW Kuwahara, N. and Miyake, Y., Second virial coefficient of polymer solutions, Kobunshi Kagaku, 18, 153, 1961. 

This is made possible by considering the second virial coefficients of polymers in the various solvents after different solution histories. The second virial coefficient,... 

This fact can be demonstrated as follows. Let us determine the value of the well-known Flory parameter x, which corresponds to the 6 point (i.e. to the point of inversion of the second virial coefficient of the solution of rods) in the Flory theory of Ref.9). This can be done by expanding the chemical potential of the solvent in the isotropic phase (Eq. (16) of Ref.9 ) into powers of the polymer volume fraction in the solution, and by equating the coefficient at the quadratic term of this expansion to zero this procedure gives Xe = 1/2 independently of p. On the other hand, it is well known26,27) that the value of x decreases with increasing p and that X < 1 at p > 1. The contradiction obtained shows that the expressions for the thermodynamic functions used in Ref.9) are not always correct... 

Determine the number-average molar mass of the polymer and the second virial coefficient of the solution Aj. 

This result is interesting because g is a physical quantity which defines the second virial coefficient of a polymer solution in good solvent and for very long chains. In other terms, g defines the second virial coefficient of a solution of Kuhnian chains. For d = 3 (e = 1), the preceding formula gives g = 0.266, a result which, apparently, is not very very precise, because the second term in (12.3.102) is not small with respect to the first one. This question is discussed, in more detail, in Chapter 13. 

Some implicit databases are provided within the Polymer Handbook by Schuld and Wolf or by Orwoll and in two papers prepared earlier by Orwoll. These four sources list tables of Flory s %-function and tables where enthalpy, entropy or volume changes, respectively, are given in the literature for a large number of polymer solutions. The tables of second virial coefficients of polymers in solution, which were prepared by Lechner and coworkers (also provided in die Polymer Handbook), are a valuable source for estimating the solvent activity in the dilute polymer solution. Bonner reviewed vapor-liquid equilibria in concentrated polymer solutions and listed tables containing temperature and concentration ranges of a certain number of polymer solutions." Two CRC-handbooks prepared by Barton list a larger number of fliermodynamic data of polymer solutions in form of polymer-solvent interaction or solubility parameters." ... 

Voelkel and Fall [29] indicated that the significant variation in second virial coefficient data collected from different sources will affect the final result that is, the value of physico-chemical parameters describing the properties of polymer systems. Conder and Young [36] indicated that the permissible uncertainty when estimating the second virial coefficient of the solute should be 10% (at 20-50 °C). 

Sedimentation Coefficients, Diffusion Coefficients, Partial Specific Volumes, Frictional Ratios, and Second Virial Coefficients of Polymers in Solution, ... 

Second Virial Coefficients of Poly(alkenes) and Poly(allcynes) VII / 165 D. TABLE OF SECOND VIRIAL COEFFICIENTS OF POLYMERS IN SOLUTION... 

Theta conditions in dilute polymer solutions are similar to tire state of van der Waals gases near tire Boyle temperature. At this temperature, excluded-volume effects and van der Waals attraction compensate each other, so tliat tire second virial coefficient of tire expansion of tire pressure as a function of tire concentration vanishes. On dealing witli solutions, tire quantity of interest becomes tire osmotic pressure IT ratlier tlian tire pressure. Its virial expansion may be written as... 

Theta temperature is one of the most important thermodynamic parameters of polymer solutions. At theta temperature, the long-range interactions vanish, segmental interactions become more effective and the polymer chains assume their unperturbed dimensions. It can be determined by light scattering and osmotic pressure measurements. These techniques are based on the fact that the second virial coefficient, A2, becomes zero at the theta conditions. 

Qualitative characterization of the polymer-solvent interaction. A solution of a polymer in a beher solvent is characterized by a higher value of the second virial coefficient than a solution of the same polymer in a poorer solvent. 

The properties of solutions of macromolecular substances depend on the solvent, the temperature, and the molecular weight of the chain molecules. Hence, the (average) molecular weight of polymers can be determined by measuring the solution properties such as the viscosity of dilute solutions. However, prior to this, some details have to be known about the solubility of the polymer to be analyzed. When the solubility of a polymer has to be determined, it is important to realize that macromolecules often show behavioral extremes they may be either infinitely soluble in a solvent, completely insoluble, or only swellable to a well-defined extent. Saturated solutions in contact with a nonswollen solid phase, as is normally observed with low-molecular-weight compounds, do not occur in the case of polymeric materials. The suitability of a solvent for a specific polymer, therefore, cannot be quantified in terms of a classic saturated solution. It is much better expressed in terms of the amount of a precipitant that must be added to the polymer solution to initiate precipitation (cloud point). A more exact measure for the quality of a solvent is the second virial coefficient of the osmotic pressure determined for the corresponding solution, or the viscosity numbers in different solvents. 

The alternative value, which describes the polymer-solvent interaction is the second virial coefficient, A2 from the power series expressing the colligative properties of polymer solutions such as vapor pressure, conventional light scattering, osmotic pressure, etc. The second virial coefficient in [mL moH] assumes the small positive values for coiled macromolecules dissolved in the thermodynamically good solvents. Similar to %, also the tabulated A2 values for the same polymer-solvent systems are often rather different [37]. There exists a direct dependence between A2 and % values [37]. 

As pointed out in Chapter III, Section 1 some specific diluent effects, or even remnants of the excluded volume effect on chain dimensions, may be present in swollen networks. Flory and Hoeve (88, 89) have stated never to have found such effects, but especially Rijke s experiments on highly swollen poly(methyl methacrylates) do point in this direction. Fig. 15 shows the relation between q0 in a series of diluents (Rijke assumed A = 1) and the second virial coefficient of the uncrosslinked polymer in those solvents. Apparently a relation, which could be interpreted as pointing to an excluded volume effect in q0, exists. A criticism which could be raised against Rijke s work lies in the fact that he determined % in a separate osmotic experiment on the polymer solutions. This introduces an uncertainty because % in the network may be different. More fundamentally incorrect is the use of the Flory-Huggins free enthalpy expression because it implies constant segment density in the swollen network. We have seen that this means that the reference dimensions excluded volume effect. 

It is suggested by several equations describing the solution behavior of flexible polymers in good solvents that the second and third virial coefficients of the concentration dependence have a common parameter dependence 12-14). This behavior may be attributed to interchain entanglements for some polymers. In contrast, rigid rods can show completely linear concentration dependence in moderately dilute solution. Here the third virial coefficient is either negligibly small, or it is non-existent—in which case no relation exists between the second and third coefficient. Viscometry of some polyisocyanide solutions shows time-dependent transformations, reflected in pronounced changeovers from parabolic to linear concentration dependencies, and it would be of interest to define the transformations, and to detail their physical descriptions. 

It should also be mentioned that polymer-solvent interactions can be characterized by the second virial coefficients that appear in equations (8) and (13) and by the free energy of interaction parameter Z1 that appears in the Flory-Huggins theory of polymer solution thermodynamics.1,61... 

Here D is the translational diffusion coefficient of the solute molecule at C —> 0 with C the mass concentration of the solute, kd the diffusion second virial coefficient, f a dimensionless parameter depending on polymer chain structure and solvent, and the mean square radius of gyration of the polymer chain. Hence, for C and q small enough, Eq. (2.3) may be approximated by... 

Rudin s aim was to predict the size of dissolved polymer molecules and the colligative properties of polymer solutions (hydrodynamic volume, second virial coefficient, interaction parameter, osmotic pressure, etc) from viscometric data (average molar mass, intrinsic viscosity, etc.). 

Thus the fundamental approximation of the Onsager method is the second virial approximation. This method is therefore valid only at low polymer concentrations in the solution. The estimations for the second (B) and the third (C) virial coefficients of the interaction of rods give B p2d3 and C p3d6 (see25)) hence, the second virial approximation (Cc2 < Be) is valid if c < 1/pd3, or 0 < I5. 

In polymer science, the ideal form of the thermodynamic equations is preserved and the nonideality of polymer solutions is incorporated in the virial coefficients. At low concentrations, the effects of the cl terms in any of the equations will be very small, and the data are expected to be linear with intercepts which yield values of and slopes which arc measures of the second virial coefficient of the polymer solution. Theories of poly mer solutions can be judged by their success in predicting nonideality. This means predictions of second virial coefficients in practice, because this is the coefficient that can be measured most accurately. Note in this connection that the intercept of a straight line can usually be determined with more accuracy than the slope. Thus many experiments which are accurate enough for reasonable average molecular weights do not yield reliable virial coefficients. Many more data points and much more care is needed if the experiment is intended to produce a reliable slope and consequent measure of the second virial coefficient. 

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