Vinyl chloride acrylic esters from

Polyvinylidene chloride (PVDC), a polymer formed from CH2=CCl2, is diiScult to formulate and is not used for any type of product by itself. It is usually manufactured as a copolymer with various monomers, including acrylonitrile, vinyl chloride, acrylic esters, or methacrylic esters. A unique property of PVDC copolymers is to prevent water and gases from diffusing through the film. In this way, PVDC copolymer films provide a vapor barrier, and are commonly used to wrap foods for storage. The commercial name Saran refers to both the PVDC homopolymer and its copolymers. Reference Spectrum 22 provides the IR and Raman spectra of a vinylidene... 

These processes have supplanted the condensation reaction of ethanol, carbon monoxide, and acetylene as the principal method of generating ethyl acrylate [140-88-5] (333). Acidic catalysts, particularly sulfuric acid (334—338), are generally effective in increasing the rates of the esterification reactions. Care is taken to avoid excessive polymerization losses of both acrylic acid and the esters, which are accentuated by the presence of strong acid catalysts. A synthesis for acrylic esters from vinyl chloride (339) has also been examined. 

In these equations I is the initiator and I- is the radical intermediate, M is a vinyl monomer, I—M- is an initial monomer radical, I—M M- is a propagating polymer radical, and and are polymer end groups that result from termination by disproportionation. Common vinyl monomers that can be homo-or copolymeri2ed by radical initiation include ethylene, butadiene, styrene, vinyl chloride, vinyl acetate, acrylic and methacrylic acid esters, acrylonitrile, A/-vinylirnida2ole, A/-vinyl-2-pyrrohdinone, and others (2). 

Optimum yields of (3-vinyl-y-butyrolactols from the Pd(II) promoted reaction of vinyl triflates with Z-but-2-en-l,4-diol (Scheme 6.33) are attained when tetra-n-butylammonium chloride is added (47]. The lactol is conveniently oxidized to the lactone with celite-supported silver carbonate. The corresponding arylbutyrolactols are obtained in high yield (70-80%) from an analogous reaction of iodoarenes with the enediol. The yields of 2-alkenyl-2,5-dihydrofurans, resulting from the Pd(0) catalysed reaction of cyclic alkynylcarbonates with acrylic esters via tandem C-C and C-0 bond forming reactions, are enhanced by the presence of tetra-n-butyl-ammonium fluoride (e.g. Scheme 6.33) (48]. 

ISO 727-1 2002 Fittings made from unplasticized poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC-U), chlorinated poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC-C) or acrylonitrile/butadiene/styrene (ABS) with plain sockets for pipes under pressure - Part 1 Metric series ISO 727-2 2002 Fittings made from unplasticized poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC-U), chlorinated poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC-C) or acrylonitrile/butadiene/styrene (ABS) with plain sockets for pipes under pressure - Part 2 Inch-based series ISO 2507-3 1995 Thermoplastics pipes and fittings - Vicat softening temperature - Part 3 Test conditions for acrylonitrile/butadiene/styrene (ABS) and acrylonitrile/styrene/acrylic ester (ASA) pipes and fittings... 

The condensation of biguanide with acrylate esters [e.g. methyl acrylate in presence of sodium methoxide 484)1 was expected to afford a vinyl-triazine (LXXXIV, R = R = H), but gave in fact 2-( 3-methoxy-ethyl)guanamine (LXXXVI) (51%). The desired vinyl-triazine was finally synthesised 486) from phenylbiguanide and acrylyl chloride in aqueous acetonitrile and its structure proved by its hydrogenation to 2-ethyl-6-phenylguanamine. 

Fadner (42) reported preliminary results of electrically initiated polymerization experiments where liquid vinyl monomers are isolated from the electrodes. Liquid ethyl acrylate, for example, absorbed on a filter paper was polymerized in an alternating electric field. The filter paper was sandwiched between two layers of 1.5-mil Mylar film and placed between flat, parallel aluminum electrodes. Conversions of monomer to polymer ranged from 10 to 85% in the range between 20 and 240 sec at up to 25 kcps power. Acrylic acid and its ester polymerized most readily, others, such as styrene and vinyl chloride, resulted only in low yields in the same condition. 

Copolymerization. Vinyl chloride can be copolymerized with a variety of monomers. Vinyl acetate, the most important commercial comonomer, is used to reduce crystallinity, winch aids fusion and allows lower processing temperatures. Copolymers are used in flooring and coatings. This copolymer sometimes contains maleic add or vinyl alcohol (hydrolyzed from the poly(vinyl acetate ) to improve the coating s adhesion to other materials, including metals, Copolymers with vinylidene chloride are used as barrier films and coatings. Copolymers of vinyl chlonde with acrylic esters in latex from are used as film formers in paint, nonwoven fabric binders, adhesives, and coatings. Copolymers with olefins improve thermal stability and melt flow, but at some loss of heat-deflection temperature,... 

Vinyl chloride can be copolymerized with a series of monomers Vinylidene chloride, trans-dichloroethylene, vinylesters of aliphatic carboxylic acid (C2-C18), acrylic acid esters, methacrylic and/or maleic acid as well as fumaric acid with mono-functional aliphatic saturated alcohols (Cj-C18), mono-functional aliphatic unsaturated alcohols (C8—C18), vinyl ethers from mono-functional aliphatic saturated alcohols (C i-Cis), propylene, butadiene, maleic acid, fumaric acid, itaconic acid, acrylic acid, methacrylic acid (total < 8 %) and N-cyclohexylmaleinimide (< 7 %). 

Nonchain scission refers to reactions involving pendant groups that do not break the backbone. Typical of such reactions are dehydrochlorination of poly( vinyl chloride) (Equation 1.57), elimination of acid from poly(vinyl esters)—for example, poly(vinyl acetate) (Equation 1.58)—and elimination of alkene from poly(alkyl acrylate)s (Equation 1.59). 

Binders, vehicles, or resins may be of several types. AUsyd resins are among the most common and are composed of polymers of alcohols and adds—thus the term alkyd -ale from alcohol, -yd standing for add). Acrylic resins are based on polymers of methacrylate and methyl methacrylate (esters. Figure 11.32) similarly, vinyl resins are derived from vinyl chloride. Urethanes (polyurethanes) and some silicon-based resins are also encountered. Watercol-or paints use gum arabic as a binder. This material is obtained from the sap of the acacia tree and, when dry, forms a dear, water-soluble polymer matrix. 

A Russian patent [179] claimed the application of this process to many polymers—poly(vinyl chloride), poly(vinylidene chloride), poly(methyl methacrylate), polystyrene, polymethacrylonitrile, fluoroethylene polymers, poly(vinyl acetate), polyamides, polyurethanes, polyesters, phenol-formaldehyde resins, and epoxy resins. The monomers used included acrylic and methacrylic acids, their esters, amides, vinyl acetate, and styrene. Attempts have also been made to apply this system to the preparation of block copolymers from natural rubber and vinyl monomers [180]. 

The number of resin emulsions and rubber latexes suitable for use as raw materials for adhesives is very large. Emulsions of homopolymers and copolymers of vinyl acetate are the most important. The comonomers for vinyl acetate include maleic esters, acrylates, ethylene and vinyl chloride, unsaturated carboxylic acids, and vinyl esters of relatively long-chain fatty acids, such as vinyl laurate. Apart from these products, polyacrylate homopolymers and copolymers and also styrene copolymers are particularly important in adhesives [42]. 

The choice of the proper peroxy initiator largely depends on its decomposition rate at the reaction temperature of the polymerization. BPO is the major initiator for bulk polymerization of polystyrene or acrylic ester polymers, where temperatures from 90°C to 220°C are encountered. Dilau-royl, dicaprylyl, diacecyl, and di- err-butyl peroxides are also used. In the case of suspension polymerization of styrene, where temperatures between 85°C and 120 C are applied, the initiators also range in activity from BPO to di-tm-butyl peroxide. In suspension polymerization of vinyl chloride (reaction temperatures of 45-60°C for the homopolymer), thermally very labile peroxides such as diisopropyl peroxydicarbonate and rm-butyl peroxy-pavilate are used. 

Several new syntheses of thiazoles from thioureas have been developed in recent years. Werbel95 was able to prepare 2-aminothiazoles by reaction of thioureas with bis(/3-chloroethyl) ether. 1,3-Disubstituted thioureas, however, yielded disubstituted 4-thiazolines. In a German patent, Rcisinger96 reported that 2-aminothiazole was formed in 88% yield from thiourea and vinyl acetate in the presence of sulfuryl chloride. A method for the preparation of the 4-hydroxy-2-amino-thiazole (47), which probably exists in the tautomer shown, has been developed by Delaby et al.97 via the reaction of thiourea with jS-acyl-acrylic acid or its esters. Zbiral98 has observed that acylvinylphos-... 

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