VINYL BENZYL CHLORIDE COPOLYMER

PA-66 (2.7 parts)/EA-BA-vinyl benzyl chloride copolymer (0.9 parts 0.23-0.33 % reactive chloride) SSE at 280 °C/multiple pass extrusion/ mechanical properties/aiso used vinyl chloroacetate as reactive chloride source Moncur 1982... 

This synthetic method has two steps the first step involves synthesising the polymer and the second includes modification with active groups. Some monomers generally used to form the backbone of homopolymers or copolymers include vinyl benzyl chloride, methyl methacrylate, 2-chloroethyl vinyl ether, vinyl alcohol and maleic anhydride. The polymers are then activated by anchoring antimicrobial groups, such as phosphonium salts, ammonium salts or phenol groups, via quaternisation, chloride substitution or anhydride hydrolysis. 

It should be noted that vinyl benzyl chloride monomer is available commercially. It is therefore possible to simply prepare the chloromethylated polystyrene or copolymers from the monomer without the chloromethylation reactions. 

Some of the earlier work in PS-MMT nanocomposites investigated the modification of MMT with reactive cations consisting of a styrene group attached to the ammonium ion (structure 36, Table 13.2) [41, 43-45, 77]. Khalil modified sodium MMT with 4-vinyl benzyl chloride and used this to form styrene and acrylonitrile-styrene copolymers [43, 44], Akelah et al. [45, 77] also investigated vinylbenzyl... 

Some block copolymers were also prepared by RTTP, such as poly(vinylidene chloride-co-methyl acrylate)-b-polystyr-ene, ° poly(actylic add-co-butyl acrylate)-b-poly(butyl acrylate-co-styrene), " polystyrene-b-poly(acrylic add), poly-(vinyl benzyl chloride)-b-polystyrene quatemized with triethylamine, and poly(MMA)-b-poly(dimethyl(metha-cryloyloxy)methyl phosphonate) as well as ABA and BAB copolymers where A is rich in styrene and B is rich in butyl acrylate. 

In addition, this group synthesized PVDF-g-PVBC graft copolymers according to the same strategy, where VBC stands for vinyl benzyl chloride (Fig. 2.28) [ 137]. These PVDF-g-PVBC copolymers acted as suitable macroinitiators via their... 

Hybrid graft copolymers having silicon-based polymer backbones were also prepared by the metal-mediated radical polymerizations of styrene. The phenyl groups of poly[(methylphenyl)silylene] were bromomethylated and then employed as the grafting points of polystyrene (G-16).294,441 Polysiloxane can be employed also as a backbone (G-17) by introduction of benzyl chloride units into the pendant vinyl-functionalized poly(dimethylsiloxane).409... 

Inorganic macroinitiators can also be used for graft copolymerizations. Pendant vinyl functional pDMS was subjected to hydrosilation with 2-(4-chlorometh-ylphenyl)ethyldimethylsilane to prepare a multifunctional ATRP macroinitiator by Matyjaszewski et al. [233,234]. The ATRP of St was carried out using a pDMS macroinitiator with Mn=6600 and Mw/Mn=1.76 to yield a graft copolymer with Mn=14,800 and Mw/Mn=2.10. The increased polydispersity was attributed to the variation in the number of initiating sites on the pDMS backbone. NMR analysis showed that less than 5% of the total number of benzyl chloride moieties were left unreacted and that the weight ratio of pSt/pDMS was 1.18 [234]. 

Solvents used for paint removal are able to dissolve or considerably swell physically drying binders (e.g., vinyl chloride copolymers, cellulose nitrate, polyacrylates) and chemically cross-linked coatings (e.g., oil-based paints, dried alkyd resins, cross-linked polyester-melamine resins, cross-linked epoxy and isocyanate coatings) [14.237]. A combination of dichloromethane with low-boiling ketones or esters is particularly suitable. Small amounts of high-boiling solvents with a low volatility (e.g., tetrahydronaphthalene, solvent naphtha, methyl benzyl alcohol, or benzyl alcohol) are added to these mixtures to retard evaporation and increase the solvency. Modern paint removers do not contain chlorinated hydrocarbons, they are formulated on the basis of high boilers (e.g., dimethylformamide, dimethyl sulfoxide, propylene carbonate, and yV-methylpyrrolidone) in combination with alcohols and aromatics, or consist of aqueous, frequently alkaline or acidic systems. 

Photosensitized crosslinking of polymers has been the subject of numerous publications [l - 30], concerned mainly with poly(ethylene), poly(vinyl alcohol), various vinyl copolymers, copolymers of maleic anhydride and/or phtalic anhydride with styrene and some polymers derivated from cinnamic acid. The following compounds were used as sensitizers benzophenone, 4-chloro- and 4,4-dimethylbenzophenone [l, 3-6, 8, 9l, oC -and -derivatives of anthraquinone [3, 23] acetophenone, hydroquinone, triphenylmethane and pyridine li.] chlorobenzene and no less than trichlorinated n-paraffins [6], a complex of zink chloride with o-dia-nizidine fill potassium bichromate [l2j, anthracene fl3, 14] 2,5-methoxy-4-amino-trans-stilbene [l5], benzyl ideneacetophenone fl6-l8] -thiophenylacetophenone,... 

Di(2-ethyl hexyl) phthalate (DOP) and diisooctyl phthalate (DIOP) are largely used for PVC and copolymers of vinyl chloride and vinyl acetate as they have an affinity to these polymers, produce good solvation, and maintain good flexibility of finished products at low temperature. The use of M-octyl-n-decyl phthalate in the production of plastics materials also allows good flexibility and ductility at low temperature. Diisodecyl phthalate (DDP), octyl decyl phthalate (ODP), and dicapryl phthalate (DCP) have a lower solvency and are therefore used in stable PVC pastes. Butyl octyl phthalate (BOP), butyl decyl phthalate (BDP, and butyl benzyl phthalate (BBP) have a good solvency and are used to adjust melt viscosity and fusion time in the production of high-quality foams. They are highly valued for use in expandable plasticized PVC. 

As expected, there are some interesting blends that do not fit the classifications chosen for this chapter and will be summarized in this section. PHE/PVME blends were shown to be miscible with lest behavior observed [ 180]. Partial methylation or benzylation of the secondary hydroxyls of PHE lowered the position of the lest and thus reduced the inherent miscibihty [1140]. PHE was also shown to exhibit miscibility with poly(4-vinyl pyridine), presumably due to the hydrogen bonding potential expected from this combination [223]. The polyformal from the reaction product of tetramethyl Bisphenol S and methylene chloride was foimd to be miscible with styrene-acrylonitrile copolymers (24, 28 and 42 wt% AN) and also poly(vinyl chloride) [1141]. 

Suspension polymerization of vinyl chloride has been reported using 2-mercaptoethanol as a reductant with bis (2-ethylhexyl) peroxycarbonate [160] and diisopropyl peroxydicarbonate [159]. Thus, in the case of (2-ethylhexyl) peroxycarbonate [160], mixtures of vinyl chloride with or without comonomers 100, C2 6 compounds, having -SH and -OH groups 0.001-0.1 ppm, C4 i8 alkyl vinyl ether 0.01-1.0 ppm, and benzyl alcohol with or without Ci 4 alkyl substituents 0.01-1.0 ppm are stirred to give PVC or copolymers having equally good porosity, heat stability, and processability. 

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