Antimicrobial groups

Table 10.6 Examples of the main antimicrobial groups as antiseptics, disinfectants and presenratives... 

This synthetic method has two steps the first step involves synthesising the polymer and the second includes modification with active groups. Some monomers generally used to form the backbone of homopolymers or copolymers include vinyl benzyl chloride, methyl methacrylate, 2-chloroethyl vinyl ether, vinyl alcohol and maleic anhydride. The polymers are then activated by anchoring antimicrobial groups, such as phosphonium salts, ammonium salts or phenol groups, via quaternisation, chloride substitution or anhydride hydrolysis. 

The ZOI test is designed for polymers with eluting antimicrobial kill mechanisms. However, when antimicrobial groups are covalently bonded to polymer chains, or antimicrobial agents are permanently trapped in polyurethane, the ZOI test is no longer suitable and will yield false negative results (no bacterial kill shown). 

Researchers discovered that antimicrobial organofunctional silanes could be chemically bound to receptive substrates by what were believed to be Si-0 linkages. The method was described as orienting the organofunctional silane in such a way that hydrolyzable groups on the silicon atom were hydrolyzed to the silanols and formed chemical bonds with each other and to the substrate. The resultant surface modification, when an antimicrobial moiety such as a quaternary nitrogen was included, provided for the antimicrobial group to be oriented away from the surface. ... 

Mocimycin has been chemically converted to aurodox by protection of the 4-hydroxy group at the pyridone moiety as the benzoylformate, followed by /V-methylation and hydrolytic removal of the protective group (1,55). Whereas aurodox esters are active growth promotors in animals, goldinamines that are A/-acylated by acids other than goldinonic acid, such as acetic, benzoic, or arylsulfonic acids, lack useful antimicrobial or growth-promoting activity (1). 

Antimicrobial spectrum, pharmacodynamic and phamacokinetic characteristics of rifabutin, a long-acting antituberculosis semisynthetic antibiotic of rifam-icin group 99MI13. 

Removal of the nitro group results in an alteration of antimicrobial spectrum leading to a series of antifungal agents. For example, reaction of 2,4-dichloroacetophenone with glycerol and tosic acid leads to dioxolane Under bromin-... 

Cefmenoxime (61) is a third generation parenteral cephalosporin whose in vitro antimicrobial spectrum approximates that of cefotaxime. Its side chains consist of the common methyltetrazo lylthio group at C-3 and the familiar oximinoether aminothiazole moiety at C-7. It is synthesized... 

Defensins are a group of antimicrobial and cytotoxic peptides made by immune cells. There are seven defensins in humans, six alpha-defensins and one beta-defensin, which are involved in the innate immune defense at the surface of epithelia from the respiratory tract, the intestinal tract or the urinary tract. 

A fluorine atom in position 6 of the basic structure of quinolones enhances the antimicrobial activity considerably. All widely used quinolones are fluorinated in position 6 and the term fluoroquinolones is often used to describe these drugs. However, some new quinolones with similar antimicrobial activity are not fluorinated in position 6 (e.g. garenoxacin, PGE9262932) and therefore the term quinolones is more appropriate to describe this group of antimicrobial agents. 

Aliphatic phosphoric acid and phosphonic acid amides containing lipophilic groups were prepared and used as antimicrobial surfactants. For example, 100 g ethylmethanephosphonate chloride was added to a solution of 130 g dodecyl-amine and 72 g triethylamine in 500 ml anhydrous benzene at 20-30°C to give 192 g ethylmethanephosphonate N-dodecylamide [125]. 

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