Vinyl acetate styrene and

Copolymers of vinyl pyrrolidone with vinyl acetate, styrene and ethyl aerylate have been marketed by the General Aniline and Film Corporation. See also section 18. 

The rates of radical-monomer reactions are also dependent on considerations of steric hindrance. This is easily observed by considering the reactivities of di, tri-, and tetrasubstituted ethylenes in copolymerization. Table 6-5 shows the kn values for the reactions of various chloroethylenes with vinyl acetate, styrene, and acrylonitrile radicals. The effect of a second substituent on monomer reactivity is approximately additive when both substituents are in the 1- or a-position. However, a second substituent when in the 2- or (3-position of the monomer results in a decrease in reactivity due to steric hindrance between it and the radical to which it is adding. Thus 2-10-fold increases and 2-20-fold decreases in the reactivities of vinylidene chloride and 1,2-dichloroethylene, respectively, are observed compared to vinyl chloride. 

The simplest monomer, cthylcncsulfonic acid, is made by elimination from sodium hyclroxyethyl sulfonate and polyphosphoric acid. Ethylene-sulfonic arid is readily polymerized alone or can be incorporated as a copolymer using such monomers as acrylamide, allyl acrylamide, sodium acrylate, acrylonitrile, methylacrylic acid, and vinyl acetate Styrene and isobutene fail to copolymerize with ethylene sulfonic acid. 

Mesophases prepared by dissolution of the copolymer in a preferential solvent for the poly(vinylpyridine) block (acrylic acid, nitromethane, dfoxane, octanol, methylethyl ketone, ethyl acetate, vinyl acetate, styrene and methyl methaaylate) and dry copolymers obtained by slow evaporation of the solvent from the mesophases have been studied by low-angle X-r diffraction electron microscopy Copolymers of isoprene and vinylpyridine exhibit cylindrical hexagonal or lamellar structures dependii upon their comi siton.The influence of the nature, concentration, and polymerization of the solvent, molecular weight and composition of the copolymer, microstructure of the polyisoprene block, and position of the nitrogen atom in the vinylpyridine block on the values of the geometrical parameters of the periodic structures have been establidied ... 

Novel iron carbonyl monomer, r)4-(2,4-hexadien-l-yl acrylate)tricarbonyl-iron, 23, was prepared and both homopolymerized and copolymerized with acrylonitrile, vinyl acetate, styrene, and methyl methacrylate using AIBN initiation in benzene.70,71 72 The reactivity ratios obtained demonstrated that 23 was a more active acrylate than ferrocenylmethyl acrylate, 2. The thermal decomposition of the soluble homopolymer in air at 200°C led to the formation of Fe203 particles within a cross-linked matrix. This monomer raised the glass transition temperatures of the copolymers.70 The T)4-(diene)tricarbonyliron functions of 23 in styrene copolymers were converted in high yields to TT-allyltetracarbonyliron cations in the presence of HBF4 and CO.71 Exposure to nucleophiles gave 1,4-addition products of the diene group.71... 

Limited information exists in the literature, however, on the homo- or copolymerization of vinyl ethylene carbonate, 1 (VEC or 4-ethenyl-l,3-dioxolane-2-one) for the preparation of cyclic carbonate functional polymers. A few comments regarding polymerization of VEC are given in an early patent [9], In the only reported study of the copolymerization behavior of VEC, Asahara, Seno, and Imai described the copolymerization of VEC with vinyl acetate, styrene, and maleic anhydride and determined reactivity ratios [10. Their results indicated that VEC would copolymerize well with vinyl acetate, but in copolymerizations with styrene, little VEC could be incorporated into the copolymer. VEC appeared to copolymerize with maleic anhydride, however the compositions of the copolymers was not reported. Our goal was to further explore the use of VEC in the synthesis of cyclic carbonate functional polymers. 

Alkane sulfonates are applied in a widespread manner in emulsion polymerization. They are used as processing aids, in particular in the emulsion polymerization of vinyl chloride, vinyl acetate, styrene and acrylonitrile. Because they possess no double bonds, alkane sulfonates do not act as radical chain stoppers. Well-known lattices derived from emulsion polymerization are poly(vinyl chloride), ethylene-vinylacetate copolymers, polyacrylates, and butadiene and chloroprene rubbers. Alkane sulfonates also offer good stabilizing effects in lattices against coagulation by fillers. 

This paper reports on the synthesis, characterisation, and applications of novel flame retardant dibromostyrene-based latexes. They are copolymers of dibromostyrene with butadiene, alkyl acrylates and methacrylates, vinyl acetate, styrene and unsaturated carboxylic acids, which form a wide variety of flame retardant latexes via an emulsion polymerisation technique. Choice of monomer or monomer blend is based upon the final glass transition temperature of the copolymer desired. Other criteria include desired physical properties and chemical resistance. Dibromostyrene-based butadiene and acryUc latexes are shown to possess the desired physical properties for use in coatings, adhesives and sealants, and the bromine content of the latexes has enabled the material to pass six different flammability requirements for the end uses such as textile backcoating, latex-based paint, contact adhesive, latex sealant, nonwoven binder, and carpet backing. 18 refs. 

In the emulsion polymerization of vinyl compounds, such as vinyl chloride, vinyl acetate, styrene and of acrylates, such as the esters of acrylic or methacrylic acid and acrylonitrile, as well as of butadiene and isoprene, additives are necessary. Some of them are RR-based. 

In benzene solution, the Z- and E-stilbenes 42 form approximately equal amounts of the two regioi-somers of the fra s-substituted spiro-oxetanes (e.g., 43 from 4-Me-42) with CA in yields of 80 to 88%. These addition reactions do not occur in acetonitrile solution and Z- and -4-methoxystilbenes do not photoreact with CA in either solvent. However, high yields of the fra s-spiro-oxetanes 44 are formed from CA with Z- or E-ethyl cinnamate, ethyl 3-nitrocinnamate, benzalacetone, or chalcone in both benzene and acetonitrile. In contrast, allyl ethyl ether, methyl methacrylate, vinyl acetate, styrene, and a-chlorostyrene all yield cyclobutanes 45 with CA in benzene solution but under the same conditions, indene and E-(3-bromostyrene afford spiro-oxetanes. Such variation in reaction site continues to be discussed in terms of the electron-donor/acceptor characteristics of the addends and the role of single electron transfer in the reaction pathway. 

Uses. The a2obisnitriles have been used for bulk, solution, emulsion, and suspension polymeri2ation of all of the common vinyl monomers, including ethylene, styrene vinyl chloride, vinyl acetate, acrylonitrile, and methyl methacrylate. The polymeri2ations of unsaturated polyesters and copolymeri2ations of vinyl compounds also have been initiated by these compounds. 

Other Polymers. Besides polycarbonates, poly(methyl methacrylate)s, cycfic polyolefins, and uv-curable cross-linked polymers, a host of other polymers have been examined for their suitabiUty as substrate materials for optical data storage, preferably compact disks, in the last years. These polymers have not gained commercial importance polystyrene (PS), poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC), cellulose acetobutyrate (CAB), bis(diallylpolycarbonate) (BDPC), poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET), styrene—acrylonitrile copolymers (SAN), poly(vinyl acetate) (PVAC), and for substrates with high resistance to heat softening, polysulfones (PSU) and polyimides (PI). 

In these equations I is the initiator and I- is the radical intermediate, M is a vinyl monomer, I—M- is an initial monomer radical, I—M M- is a propagating polymer radical, and and are polymer end groups that result from termination by disproportionation. Common vinyl monomers that can be homo-or copolymeri2ed by radical initiation include ethylene, butadiene, styrene, vinyl chloride, vinyl acetate, acrylic and methacrylic acid esters, acrylonitrile, A/-vinylirnida2ole, A/-vinyl-2-pyrrohdinone, and others (2). 

The principal use of the peroxodisulfate salts is as initiators (qv) for olefin polymerisation in aqueous systems, particularly for the manufacture of polyacrylonitrile and its copolymers (see Acrylonitrile polymers). These salts are used in the emulsion polymerisation of vinyl chloride, styrene—butadiene, vinyl acetate, neoprene, and acryhc esters (see Acrylic ester polymers Styrene Vinyl polymers). 

Organic peroxides are used in the polymer industry as thermal sources of free radicals. They are used primarily to initiate the polymerisation and copolymerisation of vinyl and diene monomers, eg, ethylene, vinyl chloride, styrene, acryUc acid and esters, methacrylic acid and esters, vinyl acetate, acrylonitrile, and butadiene (see Initiators). They ate also used to cute or cross-link resins, eg, unsaturated polyester—styrene blends, thermoplastics such as polyethylene, elastomers such as ethylene—propylene copolymers and terpolymers and ethylene—vinyl acetate copolymer, and mbbets such as siUcone mbbet and styrene-butadiene mbbet. 

Mechanisms. Because of its considerable industrial importance as well as its intrinsic interest, emulsion polymerization of vinyl acetate in the presence of surfactants has been extensively studied (75—77). The Smith-Ewart theory, which describes emulsion polymerization of monomers such as styrene, does not apply to vinyl acetate. Reasons for this are the substantial water solubiUty of vinyl acetate monomer, and the different reactivities of the vinyl acetate and styrene radicals the chain transfer to monomer is much higher for vinyl acetate. The kinetics of the polymerization of vinyl acetate has been studied and mechanisms have been proposed (78—82). 

Thus, a mixture of simple carbonyls Me(CO)n and halides should behave as a photoinitiator of free radical polymerization. Many such systems have been found to function in this way. Complexes formed by irradiation of Fe(CO)5 in the presence of a vinyl monomer (M) (such as MMA, styrene, vinyl acetate, propylene, and vinyl ether) have been studied by Koerner Von Grustrof and colleagues [12,13] and shown to have the chemical struc-... 

The photo-induced process of modification of cellulose and its derivatives was reported by Geacintov and coworkers [67,68]. Thus, acrylonitrile, vinyl acetate, styrene, MMA, and the binary system of styrene and AN were grafted onto cellulose and cellulose derivatives. In... 

Coran and Patel [33] selected a series of TPEs based on different rubbers and thermoplastics. Three types of rubbers EPDM, ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA), and nitrile (NBR) were selected and the plastics include PP, PS, styrene acrylonitrile (SAN), and PA. It was shown that the ultimate mechanical properties such as stress at break, elongation, and the elastic recovery of these dynamically cured blends increased with the similarity of the rubber and plastic in respect to the critical surface tension for wetting and with the crystallinity of the plastic phase. Critical chain length of the rubber molecule, crystallinity of the hard phase (plastic), and the surface energy are a few of the parameters used in the analysis. Better results are obtained with a crystalline plastic material when the entanglement molecular length of the... 

The molecules join together to form a long chain-like molecule which may contain many thousands of ethylene units. Such a molecule is referred to as a polymer, in this case polyethylene, whilst in this context ethylene is referred to as a monomer. Styrene, propylene, vinyl chloride, vinyl acetate and methyl methacrylate are other examples of monomers which can polymerise in this way. Sometimes two monomers may be reacted together so that residues of both are to be found in the same chain. Such materials are known as copolymers and are exemplified by ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymers and styrene-acrylonitrile copolymers. 

The sulfosuccinates must be individually evaluated under varying conditions to obtain optimum results. For example, disodium laureth-5 sulfosuccinate (DLFS) is excellent for finely dispersed lattices styrene-homo- and copolymers, styrene-acrylate copolymers, acrylate-homo- and copolymers, and vinyl acetate-homo-and copolymers. DLFS is used in a concentration (related to monomer) of 3-5%. Table 19 shows possible application areas of dialkyl sulfosuccinates. 

Numeric values following the abbreviations (with reference to list of abbreviations) for EVM, (H) NBR, and SBR indicate the polar monomer content (vinyl acetate, acrylonitrile, and styrene, respectively) in wt% values for NBR are estimates. 

A product is only considered to be totally biodegradable if all its single components can be degraded naturally. Currently, pressure sensitive adhesives (PSA) are mostly based on non-biodegradable synthetic polymers such as polyacrylates, ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymers and styrene block copolymers [124]. Therefore there is a growing demand for the application of biodegradable PSAs on naturally degradable products like paper and cardboard. 

The synthetic methods and chemical characterization data for the various polymeric materials to be discussed in this work have been reported elsewhere [6-8]. In some cases copolymerization of the unchlorinated oxazolidinone monomer with other common monomers such as acrylonitrile, vinyl chloride, styrene, and vinyl acetate, using potassium persulfate as an initiator, was performed. In other cases the unchlorinated oxazolidinone monomer was grafted onto polymers such as poly(acrylonitrile), poly(vinyl chloride), poly(styrene), poly(vinyl acetate), and poly(vinyl alcohol), again using potassium persulfate as an initiator. 

Now, the separation of polymers from the reaction mixtnre containing the vinyl additive indicates that the snbstrate prodnces a radical at the intermediate stage. The radical prodnced adds to a probe molecnle and forms an addnct with the vinyl monomer, that is, initiates the monomer polymerization. Sometimes, however, the polymerization does not start bnt the reaction yields a low-molecnlar-weight individnal snbstance containing fragments of substrate, an added monomer, and reactant. To illnstrate, let ns consider the following reaction of perfluoroalkyl iodide (snbstrate) with nitropropenide salt (reactant) in the presence of a monomer probe (vinyl acetate, methylmethacrylate, and styrene) (Feiring 1983) ... 

The complex participation model has been tested in the radical copolymerizations of 1,1-diphenylethylene-methyl acrylate, styrene-P-cyanoacrolein, vinyl acetate-hexafluoroace-tone, A-vinylcarbazole diethyl fumarate, A-vinylcarbazole funiaronitrile, maleic anhydride-vinyl acetate, styrene-maleic anhydride [Burke et al., 1994a,b, 1995 Cais et al., 1979 Coote and Davis, 2002 Coote et al., 1998 Dodgson and Ebdon, 1977 Fujimori and Craven, 1986 Georgiev and Zubov, 1978 Litt, 1971 Lift and Seiner, 1971 Yoshimura et al., 1978]. 

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