Flammability requirements

However, the non-armored cables must satisfy IEEE 383 or IEEE 45 flammability requirements and other requirements specified in API RP 14F. 

In summary, new brominated flame retardants have essentially met the challenge for thermoplastics that do not meet current requirements (e.g. a V-0 rating) without additives. More stringent flammability requirements for advanced materials and applications, coupled with improved test methodology (e.g. lOa-b) may shift the focus of research to other approaches. 

Properties and handling. IPA is/a colorless, flammable liquid with that characteristic, rubbing alcohol odor. Ifs soluble in water in all proportions, as well as most organic solvents. It is commercially available in technical grade (91%), chemical (98%), and absolute (99 %). Shipments by rail, truck, drum, etc., are routine, except that the flammability requires hazardous materials warnings. 

The resilience of gum neoprene vulcanizates is little lower than natural rubber but it decreases with increased filler incorporation. Therefore, the resilience of most practical neoprene compounds is higher than that of natural rubber with comparable volume loading. Because of the presence of chlorine in the neoprene molecule, products made from neoprene resist combustion to a greater degree than products made from non-halogen bearing rubbers. This means neoprene can be compounded to meet the flammability requirements of the Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) USA or similar requirements as might be stipulated by any other countries,... 

HT synthesis and testing supported by deterministic (molar group contributions) and statistical (probabilistic regression) analyses were successfully used to develop novel, functional, transparent plastics from commodity starting materials that satisfy the stringent flammability requirements for use in aircraft cabin interiors. 

Recently the State of California has passed a stringent flammability requirement for mattresses sold in the state beginning in January 2005. Since the size of the California market is so large, California standards tend to become national standards as manufacturers decide for business reasons to have all of their products comply with California law. The requirement (Technical Bulletin 603 of the Bureau of Home Furnishings and Thermal Insulation, Department of Consumer Affairs, State of California) specifies a burner apparatus and testing conditions for mattresses. The measured quantity is the total heat evolved 30 min after subjecting the mattress to severe flame exposure. 

Earlier in this chapter, it was indicated that the presence of halide ions (e.g., Cl and Br ) is undesirable because they tend to promote the corrosion of parts of the IC. Low-flammability requirements for these encapsulants are realized through the use of brominated epoxy resins in combination with antimony oxide (Sb203). For some time the brominated epoxies have been suspected as a possible source of Br ions. Since it is difficult to achieve low flammability for these encapsulants without the bromine-containing species, efforts have been made to arrive at bromine-containing flame retardants of greater hydrolytic stability so that the flame retardant does not inadvertently diminish the corrosion protection these encapsulants are expected to provide. 

High molecular weight PAGs, 12-30K amu, are found to be particularly suitable for the formulation of the HF-C type of fluid. PAG, water (35% minimum) and glycol, and together with anticorrosion, anti-wear and antifoam additives, are formulated to conform to manufacturers specifications for particular systems. Stringent flammability requirements, corrosion protection, low levels of wear, foaming and other demands such as viscosity and air release must all be achieved. 

The above three components—wood, adhesive, and wax—are the only ingredients in most particleboards. Only limited quantities of fire retardant and preservative treated particleboard is presently produced. However, with increased flammability requirements and applications of particleboard in locations subject to biological degradation, an increase in production of both preservative and fire retardant particleboard is expected. 

A number of methods have been devised for producing cellular products from PVC, either by a mechanical blowing process or by one of several chemical blowing techniques. PVC foams are produced in rigid or flexible forms. The greatest interest in rigid PVC foam is in applications where low-flammability requirements prevail. It has an almost completely closed cell structure and therefore low water absorption. The rigid PVC foam is used as the cellular layer of some sandwich and multi-layer panels. 

As FAA flammability requirements have changed in the past, both epoxy and polyurethane materials have been reformulated to comply with new regulatory standards and individual OEM aircraft demands. For example, the first flame-retardant epoxies included halogenated compounds and antimony oxide to reduce flammability. However, the presence of bromines generated high levels of smoke, making the products inappropriate for many cabin interior applications. 

Plastics used in the construction of a product must meet the relevant flammability ratings, such as V-2 for PCBs and V-1 for enclosures. In this case, a plastic that has been tested and rated by a North American agency (UL/CSA) according to the relevant flammability requirements of the standards may be acceptable. Consult an EU testing body for their acceptance and documentation criteria (see Figure 6-4 for CDF and Figure 6-3 for critical components examples). 

Flammability requirements are intended to minimize the risk of ignition and the spread of flame, both within the product and to the outside. A fire enclosure is defined as a part of the product intended to minimize the spread of fire or flames... 

Exempt. Components meeting flammability requirements of relevant lEC component standard, certain wire insulation (PVC/TFE/PTFE/FEP/ Neoprene), small parts mounted on V-1 material (I/Cs, transistors, opto-couplers, capacitors, etc.), one or more layers of insulation (adhesive tape, etc.), individual clamps, heat-resistant glass, nameplates, mounting feet, keycaps, knobs, lacing tape, twine, cable ties, ceramic materials, metals, others. 

Different FR additives are used for furniture foam, where the only flammability requirements in Europe remain those in the UK and Ireland, to pass BS5852 source 5. The traditional approach to meet this standard has been tris monochloropropyl phosphate (TMCPP) and melamine combined. Efforts to remove solid melamine from these foams to improved physical properties continue however, the relatively low cost of the eombination has made melamine all but indispensable. 

In a Draft for the revision of lEC 65 issued in the late 90s, basically no more flammability requirements at all are foreseen if the plastics materials exceed a certain distance from potential ignition sources with open circuit voltage. The same is true if potential ignition sources are protected by a fire enclosure the other materials in a TV will require no safety classification. The new lEC 65 draft would thus allow the use of TV backplates and housings without any fire safety classification, because it relies on the technical design of the TV rather than on the safety level of the materials used. 

Flammability requirements are stringent for electrical meters and are covered by EN 62053. Capacitor housings require good thermal resistance and dimensional stability. Additionally, both meters and capacitor housings are frequently laser marked, so materials that are compatible with laser marking processes have an advantage. Materials for transformers and insulation systems are tested in accordance with UL 1446 and EN 60085. 

Full-scale fire tests can give more useful information than small-scale tests with tiny specimens. They can simulate the behaviour of plastics articles such as foam-filled furniture and television sets in fires. Examples include the Steiner tunnel test, the ISO 9705 room comer test and the CAL 133 test. Many fire test procedures are specific to a given industry, such as construction or the railways. In the latter case, the standard of flammability required may depend on whether a train is to be operated through long tunnels. 

Synthetic thermosetting polymers used in the construction industry are polyester, vinylester and epoxies these materials are generally used to manufacture parts of the machines that produce sustainable energy generators. In addition, thermoplastic resins, such as polyetheretherketone (PEEK), polyethersulphone (PES) and various liquid crystal polymers (LCP) are also used. The latter high performance polymers also meet stringent out-gassing (relevant to space environments) and flammability requirements. 

This paper reports on the synthesis, characterisation, and applications of novel flame retardant dibromostyrene-based latexes. They are copolymers of dibromostyrene with butadiene, alkyl acrylates and methacrylates, vinyl acetate, styrene and unsaturated carboxylic acids, which form a wide variety of flame retardant latexes via an emulsion polymerisation technique. Choice of monomer or monomer blend is based upon the final glass transition temperature of the copolymer desired. Other criteria include desired physical properties and chemical resistance. Dibromostyrene-based butadiene and acryUc latexes are shown to possess the desired physical properties for use in coatings, adhesives and sealants, and the bromine content of the latexes has enabled the material to pass six different flammability requirements for the end uses such as textile backcoating, latex-based paint, contact adhesive, latex sealant, nonwoven binder, and carpet backing. 18 refs. 

Gas evolution could be a problem, for many reasons. First, the type of gas may be a problem. It may be toxic or flammable, requiring scrubbing or flaring. Second, the total volume and rate of gas evolution are important in terms of preventing the reactor from becoming overpressurized. The auxiliary units that handle the gas should also be able to handle this excess amount. Another issue to keep in mind during equipment design is that solvents and VOC may be carried over by the evolved gas into the atmosphere. 

National Electrical Code (NEC) Defines buQding flammability requirements for indoor cables. Note Local codes take precedence but may refer to or require compliance to the NEC. 

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