Video display panels

The other uses of PEDT PSS for antistatic layers are numerous [43,44] and include antistatic gloves [49], carrier tapes, displays and video display panels [50-52], textiles [53], antistatic release films [54,55], protective films [56], recording tapes [57], and polarizers [58]. 

Switching time (r + r (f), below 16.7 ms for video applications Operating voltage for display panel... 

Another application of electrowetting control of droplet shapes is within a pixel of a flat-panel display. As described by researchers from Liquavista, a VC-backed spin-out company from Philips, electrowetting can be used to spread water over a pixel to displace colored oil into a comer of the pixel [4]. With an array of pixels of this type, a flat-panel video display can be generated as shown in Fig. 2. 

LIQUID CRYSTALS are widely used in devices for flat-panel electronic displays and other applications. The most usual form of device is one in which a thin film, 5-10 /um thick, of liquid crystal is confined between glass plates bearing transparent electrodes that are used to induce an optical change in selected portions of the film by application of an above-threshold voltage. Liquid crystal displays with color and video display capabilities equal to those of the cathode ray tube are now being developed. 

FIGURE 7.40 DC plasma display panel for color video. 

Both EdF reference sets of EOPs have four separate procedures for the reactor operator, for the water and steam (turbine) operator, for the shift supervisor (containing a combination of reactor, water and steam operator procedures) and for the safety engineer. All procedures are in the colour flow chart format (paper based). The recent four loop N4 plants have fully computerized procedures (with computerized operating actions actuated from the operator video display units) as well as a complete backup paper based set of procedures for operating from the auxiliary panel if the computer system fails. 

A panel board or video display imit (VDU) is often the main source of information for operating personnel, as well as their primary interface with the process. Proper display of information and ease of access to data and controls become vital considerations if a plant is to achieve high efficiency and to operate safely. Poor design and layout promote human error and can create hazardous situations. Some of the types of error that can occur are treated below, together with the precautions that may be taken to combat them. 

In order to realize a flexible video display with a large screen, we have investigated a flexible liquid crystal display using a microstmctured polymer. The plastic fllm substrates (Fig. 8.5) of display panel are supported by a liquid crystal/polymer composite film that is a self-holding elastic sheet. This composite film is used as an adhesive and spacer and is also responsible for light modulation. Since the entire surface bonds the two substrates, it can withstand shearing as well as expansion force, and seal resin breakage of the panel outer periphery by stress concentration can be prevented. 

To obtain the thin-film transistor array suitable to softening the panel, flexible 5 inch diagonal liquid crystal displays were also fabricated by lower-temperature vacuum deposition of the organic semiconductor (pentacene). The fabricated panel (QQVGA, 160 X 120 pixels) has confirmed the video display function [12]. 

Vacuum fluorescent displays (VFD) have been used since 1970. At the start they were in the form of single-digit round tubes, then multidigit tubes were developed, followed by flat multidigit panels.27 These devices are now used in a wide range of applications, including audio and video equipment, home electronics, office equipment, and in road vehicles.28... 

A "PC projection panel" and overhead projection of the spreadsheet greatly eases viewing of the computer video output. The PC projection panel provides an overhead projection of the computer screen so that all review team members can easily and simultaneous observe and comment on the recorded information as it is being recorded. The PC projection panel consist of a liquid crystal display (LCD) panel that duplicates data, text or graphics, generated from the computer screen. When placed on an overhead projector the LCD image is projected onto a projector screen or a wall. Personal computer screens are viewable by only two or three personnel at a time. A typical review involves at least 5 personnel, so the PC projection pad enables all participants to view the software worksheet as it is prepared (note a "reflective" type of overhead projector will not operate with the PC projection panel, direct illumination from below the panel is required). Further details of a typical PC projection panel are provided in Appendix F. 

The primary requirements of the pixel circuit are that the liquid crystal capacitor charges fully during the time that each row is addressed and holds the charge for the time between refreshing the display. Consider the example of a 25 x 25 cm panel of 500 x 500 pixels. Each pixel has an area of 500 pm and a capacitance of roughly 10 pF. The panel is refreshed at the usual video rate of 30 Hz, so that each row is addressed for 60 ps (30 ms/500). Each TFT must deliver a charge of 10" C in 60 ps, in order to charge the pixel up to 10 V, which corresponds to a current of 1.5 pA. The TFT transfer characteristics in... 

A distributed control system is a system that is functionally integrated but consists of subsystems that may be physically separate and remotely located from one another. A shared display is an operator interface device such as a computer screen or video screen that is used to display process control information from a number of sources at the command of the operator. Most plants built since 1990 (and many older plants) use shared displays instead of instrument panels. 

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