Above threshold

Chu S I 1991 Complex quasivibrational energy formalism for intense-field multiphoton and above-threshold dissociation—complex-scaling Fourier-grid Hamiltonian method J. Chem. Phys. 94 7901... 

The flavor portion of a flavor compound gives it its name, acceptabiUty, and palatabiUty, and provides character fixation of the flavor, ie, relatively high boiling point soflds, usually in combination, are used at concentrations above thek threshold values at use level so that upon dilution the levels remain above threshold value and the perception of the flavor does not change. 

Figure 10-14. Inset Phololumincsccncc spectrum for low excitation pulse energy EP Main part (a) displays the spectrum for pump pulse energies well below the lasing threshold while (b) shows the spectrum obtained lor excitation with a pump energy close to the lasing threshold (c) presents the single mode-lasing spectrum emitted when the device is pumped well above threshold. The dashed lines indicate the zero line which is arbitrarily shifted in case of (b) and (c).

Figure 10-15. Output vs. input energy characteristic of our laser device. The horizontal dashed curve indicates the zero line. A clear laser threshold behavior at an excitation pulse energy ol 1.5 nJ is observed. Below the lasing threshold only isotropic phololuminesccncc is entitled. Above threshold the device emits low divergence single mode laser emission perpendicular to the surface, as schematically shown in the inset. The laser light is polarized parallel to the grating lines.

A laser consists in a medium where stimulated emission dominates over spontaneous emission placed inside an optical cavity which recycles the optical field. Above threshold, the photon number probability density distribution is poissonian, that means that the photon arrival time are a random variable. The probability of obtaining m photons during a given time interval is thus... 

The experimental dichroism is seen to have its greatest magnitude some 5 eV above threshold, where 0.10. This corresponds to an asymmetry factor in the forward-backward scattering of y 20%. Such a pronounced PECD asymmetry from a randomly oriented sample looks to comprehensively better the amazingly high 10% chiral asymmetry recorded with highly ordered nanocrystals of tyrosine enantiomer [25] or the spectacular 12.5% asymmetry reported from an oriented single crystal of a cobalt complex [28]. 

For the A FI state, considerably more configurations contribute the above threshold coefficient and in order to increase the value of the sum of the squares of the Cl... 

FIGURE 30.3 Changes in membrane potential cp of a cell membrane occurring upon application of depolarizing current pulses of different amplitude / (a,b) below threshold (c) excitation of the membrane during an above-threshold pulse. 

Minimum atom economy above threshold RME value ... 

Step 8 Consider Adding Drug Therapy If LDL Is Above Threshold Level... 

Data were also recorded for the reaction of Y with all four butene isomers at a lower collision energy of 11.0 kcal/mol. Time-of-flight spectra were taken at the CM angle for each isomer. As shown in Fig. 39 for Y + cis-2-butene, only YC4H6 products were observed. This collision energy corresponded to the thermodynamic threshold for YCH2 formation, and was only slightly above threshold for the YH2 channel (Fig. 32). 

Figure 8.34 Left Gold focal conics of MHOBOW coexisting with accordion domains in 4-p.m SSFLC cell. Cell has not seen electric field. Right Same area after brief application of field above threshold for causing textural change of focal conics from gold SmA-like to bistable blue SmC -like. Transition from gold to bistable blue is still incomplete in this photomicrograph clear domain walls between two textures are easily seen.

The R-X plot shows the most variation in the subthreshold region, while the G-B plot shows the most variation above threshold. One sees from the G-B plot that the high frequency response of the diode is independent of bias (>1 MHz). To fit the data, one models each material phase or interface as a parallel R-C combination. These combinations are then added in series, and an overall series resistance and series inductance are added. For the data in Figure 10.6, three R-C elements are used. One R-C element is associated with the Schottky barrier. Another is associated with the high frequency bias-independent arc, which we believe is associated with the capacitance of the alkoxy-PPV. The thinness of the film... 

The OSHA PSM Standard lists 131 distinct chemicals with toxic or reactive properties.40 It includes 25 chemicals with an NFPA rating of 3 and 13 chemicals with an NFPA rating of 4. PSM applies to processes that involve listed chemicals at or above threshold quantities and to processes with flammable liquids or gases onsite in one location, in quantities of 10,000 pounds or more. Companies that manufacture explosives and pyrotechnics are also required to comply with the standard. 

The photoelectron spectra of nitrosomethane, 2-methyl-2-nitrosopropane and perhalogeno nitro someth anes has been re-examined and re-assigned on the basis of ab initio SCF-CI calculations139. Photoionization quantum yields140 have been measured for 2-methyl-2-nitrosopropane at wavelengths 147, 123, 105 and 107 nm. The results show that photoionization at energies up to 1.5 eV above threshold is of low probability. The data have been compared with those of recent photoelectron spectroscopy. 

For the measurement of small absorption coefficients or refractive indices, it is often advantageous to place the probe inside the laser cavity ). The sensitivity is then increased by a factor which depends on the quality of the Q factor of the cavity and which can be very large (about 100 or more), since quite small changes in total absorption may cause large changes in laser intensity, especially if the laser is operated close above threshold. 

The last method has been pushed to an impressive sensitivity by putting the probe inside the cavity of a cw dye laser oscillating on several modes close above threshold. The sensitivity of such a broad-band dye laser to selective intracavity absorption on a single mode is proportional to the number of oscillating modes due to... 

Another technique for measuring the lifetime of excited activator atoms in solid-state lasers has been published by Gilrs h If the pulsed laser is operated close above threshold, only a single spike (i.e. a short pulse of induced emission) appears, whereas many spikes are emitted when the laser ist running well above threshold. This... 

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