Vero

Production of the vims in a bioreactor reactor, using a continuous cell line, has also been studied (85,86). This will reduce production costs and side effects. Both Madin-Darby canine kedney (MDCK) and Vero cell lines are being developed for production of the vaccine. 

The incorporation of acyclovir triphosphate into calf thymus DNA primer template has been shown to be much more rapid and extensive with HSV-1 DNA polymerase than with vero cell DNA polymerase a. This incorporation of acyclovir ceased after 15 min since the template is chain terminated by the acyclovir incorporation, as there is no 3 -hydroxyl group on which to continue elongation. The viral DNA polymerase is also inactivated by tight binding to the terminated template. 

VARA International 1201 19 Place, Vero Beach, PL 32960 Phone (407) 567-1320... 

Vero Cells Grown on Microcarriers (Contact Inhibition)... 

Hawboldt et al. (1994) have also reported data on anchorage dependent Vero cells grown on Cytodex I microcarriers in 250 mL spinner flasks and they are reproduced here in Table 17.14. 

Table 17.14 Growth of Vero Cells Cell Density versus Time for Vero Cells Grown on Cytodex I Microcarriers in 250 mL Spinner Flasks at Two Inoculation Levels (2.00 and 9.72 cells/bead).

In addition to the aforementioned effects on paracellular drug transport, Ca2+ also plays an important role in the transcytosis of macromolecules. The entry of the plant lectins abrin, modeccin, and viscumin into Vero cells was inhibited in a Ca2+-free medium a well as in a Ca2+-containing medium containing verapamil and Co2+, both inhibitors of Ca2+ [217], Ca2+ is therefore required at a stage after the binding of the above lectins, perhaps in the fusion and exocytosis of membrane vesicles. 

The entry of CL into cells may be essential for the cellular entry [232] or secretion [233] of some macromolecules such as diphtheria toxin and modeccin. Sandvig and Olsnes [232] studied the entry of diphtheria toxin and modeccin into Vero cells in pH 7.2 media containing 20 mM Hepes, 1 mM Ca(OH)2, 5 mM glucose,a sufficient amount of mannitol to ensure isotonicity, and varying concentrations of NaCl. The cellular uptake of 0.1 nM diphtheria toxin at the end of 50 min was strongly dependent on CL concentration. It was 0% at 0 mM NaCl, 25% of the 140 mM NaCl control at 2 mM NaCl, and 60% of the control at 70 mM NaCl. A similar trend was observed for modeccin, i.e., no transport at 0 mM NaCl, 20% of control at 0.05 mM NaCl, 60% of control at 0.1 mM NaCl, 80% of control at 0.5 mM NaCl, and 100% of control at 2 mM NaCl. 

The use of CL-free media required 100 times higher concentrations of the toxins for any cellular uptake. Furthermore, the entry of both toxins was denied when Vero cells were incubated in normal medium with inhibitors of CL entry, including 4-acetamido-4 -isothiocyanostilbene-2,2 -disulfonate (SITS), pyridoxal... 

A. Yamada, K. Hatano, K. Matsuoka, T. Koyama, Y. Esumi, H. Koshino, K. Hino, K. Nishikawa, Y. Natori, and D. Terunuma, Syntheses and Vero toxin-binding activities of carbosilane, Tetrahedron, 62 (2006) 5074—5083. 

A part from the general monitoring studies, other studies have been performed focusing the hotspots areas of the Ebro river basin, mainly the Ebro delta [30, 31] and the Vero-Cinca tributaries [98-100], and specific groups of compounds like semi-polar pesticides, DDTs and dioxin-like compounds. 

The study area is located in the northeast of Spain, along the Cinca and Vero rivers, in the Ebro River basin (Fig. 1). Six different sampling stations were selected at the Cinca River site Cl (Puente de las Pilas) and C2 (La Boquera), 20 and 12 km, respectively, upstream from Monzon site C3, just downstream from Monzon, a heavily industrialized town with a very important chemical industry site C4 (Alcolea de Cinca), site C5 (Chalamera), and site C6 (Fraga), 27, 30, and 67 km downstream of site C3, respectively. Moreover, three sampling stations were selected at the Vero River site VI (Castillazuelo), 11 km upstream from an industrial park site V2 (Barbastro), just 1 km downstream from the industrial park, and site V3 (La Boquera), 4 km downstream of site V2. 

In order to determine the sources of contamination, some water samples, including wastewaters and effluents from different industries were also sampled. Along the Cinca River and in the industrial area of Monzon, industrial effluents from two different industries were selected the first one produced EPS (Expandable polystyrene) treated with flame retardants and ABS (Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene), and the second one produced PVC (Polyvinyl chloride). As regards the Vero River, three industries were sampled the first one, a textile industry which produced polyester fibers treated with flame retardants, the second one produced epoxy... 

Fig. 1 Geographical location of the area of study and sampling stations along the Cinca and Vero rivers...

Some studies have also reported PBDE levels in sediments collected near industry facilities. Sellstrom et al. [29] reported total PBDE concentration levels between nd and 364 ng/g dw (nd-360 ng/g dw for BDE-209) in river sediments from a Swedish river with numerous textile industries. Higher PBDE levels up to 1,400 ng/g dw (nd-399 ng/g dw for BDE-209) were found downstream from a foam manufacturing plant using PBDEs in the United Kingdom [31]. BDE-209 burdens up to 4,600 ng/g dw have also been reported on suspended particulates from Dutch surface waters, decreasing with distance from a textile facility [42]. Our PBDE results were considerably higher than those reported for sediments collected near industrial areas, probably because of the small dilution factor of the Vero River at this area, which has an average flow of 2.1 m3/s. 

Table 6 Results (expressed in ng/g dw and ng/g lw for sediment and biota samples, respectively) obtained for samples collected along the Vero river...

Three industries were suspected to cause the BDE-209 contamination along the Vero River the first one, a textile industry which produced polyester fibers treated with flame retardants, the second one produced epoxy resins, and the third one is focused on the polyamide polymerization. Moreover, the effluent of the industrial park at the discharge site to the Vero River was also analyzed. Analysis of industrial effluents of each industry revealed that industry focused on the polyamide polymerization is the main responsible of the BDE-209 contamination, with concentration levels around 2,600 ng/L (Table 5). Nevertheless, the two other industries also contribute in some way to the total contamination. 

The studies revised in this chapter correspond to the last 125 km of the Ebro River, from the Riba-roja dam to the river mouth, plus about 100 km of one of the main Ebro tributaries the Cinca/Vero system (see map in Fig. 1 for location of the sites). This area is heavily dammed to regulate the river flow as well as to provide electric power and facilitate water captation for irrigation channels. Dams and overflow dams relevant for the studies revised here are shown in Fig. 1. 

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