Vegetable oils properties

Table 2-8. Vegetable Oil Properties Compared to Gasoline and Diesel Fuel...

Definition Complex mixture of esters of phosphoric acid and mono- and di-glycerides derived from hydrog. vegetable oil Properties Anionic... 

Erucic acid i- rii-sik- [NL Eruca, genus of herbs, fir. L, colewort] (1869) n. CH3 (CH2)7CH=CH(CH2)iiCOOH. Unsaturated fatty acid found in many vegetable oils. Properties mp, 33°C bp, 281°C/30 mmHg Sp gr, 0.860/55°C and iodine value, 75.2. Also known as cis-13-docosenoic acid. 

Uses Emulsifier for production of self-emulsifying vegetable oils Properties Liq. 100% cone. 

Chemical modification of the wax can improve smear resistance (5). Sihcones, which do not harm furniture finishes (6), are incorporated as film-forming ingredients in furniture pohshes. The lubricant properties of sihcones improve ease of apphcation of the pohsh and removal of insoluble soil particles. In addition, sihcones make dry films easier to buff and more water-repeUent, and provide depth of gloss, ie, abihty to reflect a coherent image as a result of a high refractive index (7). Wax-free pohshes, which have sihcones as the only film former, can be formulated to dehver smear resistance (8). Another type of film former commonly used in oil-base furniture pohshes is a mineral or vegetable oil, eg, linseed oil. 

This group of aluminum carboxylates is characterized mainly by its abiUty to gel vegetable oils and hydrocarbons. Again, monocarboxylate, dicarboxylate, and tricarboxylate salts are important. The chemical, physical, and biological properties of the various types of aluminum stearates have been reviewed (29). Other products include aluminum palmitate and aluminum 2-ethylhexanoate (30). 

Monohydroxyaluminum distearate, (HO)Al(OOC(CH2) gCH2)2, used to be the largest selling aluminum carboxylate (1). Although stiU sold, the product is no longer Hsted in the U.S. International Trade Commission Report (1) because of low volume or confidentiahty constraints because of too few supphers. Aluminum distearate is a white powder that is insoluble in water, alcohol, and ether. A key property is its abiUty to gel vegetable oils and hydrocarbons. Aluminum distearate is prepared by the reaction of aqueous sodium stearate with aqueous aluminum sulfate or chloride at pH 7.3. Aluminum monostearate is formed if the sodium stearate solution is held at pH 9.5 (44). 

Palm kernel oil [8023-79-8] obtained from the nuts of the palm tree, is another frequently utilized vegetable oil and is somewhat similar in properties and composition to coconut oil (see Table 1). 

Palm oil[8002-75-3] is derived from the fleshy fmit of the palm tree rather than the nut as with palm kernel oil. Palm oil has a longer chain length distribution than palm kernel oil and provides properties and compositions more similar to tallow than to other vegetable oils (see Table 1). 

The most important coating appHcation for the nonreactive polyamide resins is in producing thixotropy. Typical coating resins such as alkyds, modified alkyds, natural and synthetic ester oils, varnishes, and natural vegetable oils can be made thixotropic by the addition of dimer acid-based polyamide resins (see Alkyd resins). Specialty high performance coating appHcations often requite the properties imparted by dimer acid components. 

Metals and alloys, the principal industrial metalhc catalysts, are found in periodic group TII, which are transition elements with almost-completed 3d, 4d, and 5d electronic orbits. According to theory, electrons from adsorbed molecules can fill the vacancies in the incomplete shells and thus make a chemical bond. What happens subsequently depends on the operating conditions. Platinum, palladium, and nickel form both hydrides and oxides they are effective in hydrogenation (vegetable oils) and oxidation (ammonia or sulfur dioxide). Alloys do not always have catalytic properties intermediate between those of the component metals, since the surface condition may be different from the bulk and catalysis is a function of the surface condition. Addition of some rhenium to Pt/AlgO permits the use of lower temperatures and slows the deactivation rate. The mechanism of catalysis by alloys is still controversial in many instances. 

Biodiesel is diesel fuel produced from vegetable oils and other renewable resources. Many different types of oils can he used, including animal fats, used cooking oils, and soybean oil. Biodiesel is miscible with petroleum diesels and can he used in biodiesel-diesel blends. Most often blends are 20 percent biodiesel and 80 percent traditional diesel. Soy diesel can be used neat (100%), hut many other types of biodiesel are too viscous, especially in winter, and must be used in blends to remain fluid. The properties of the fuel will vaiy depending on the raw material used. Typical values for biodiesel are shown in Table 1. 

Lubricants are not generally regarded as being corrosive, and in order to appreciate how corrosion can occur in lubricant systems it is necessary to understand something of the nature of lubricants. Once, lubricants were almost exclusively animal or vegetable oils or fats, but modern requirements in the way of volume and special properties have made petroleum the main source of supply. In volume, lubricants now represent about 2% of all petroleum products in value, considerably more. 

The first engines invented by Rudolf Diesel ran on groundnut oil, but because of the advent of relatively cheap oil this type of biodiesel never became commercially viable. Since about 1930 the diesel engine has been refined and fine tuned to run on the diesel fraction of crude oil, which consists mainly of saturated hydrocarbons. For this reason the modem diesel engine cannot run satisfactorily on a pure vegetable oil feedstock because of problems of high viscosity, deposit formation in the injection system and poor cold-start properties. Today, however, environmental... 

KI Al-Malah, MOJ Azzam, RM Omari. Emulsifying properties of BSA in different vegetable oil emulsions using conductivity technique. Food Hydrocolloids 14 485-490, 2000. 

Oleaginous bases consist of vegetable oil thickened with agents such as aluminum monostearate, colloidal silica, and xanthan gums. The lubricant properties of the oil make these formulations less adhesive than water bases. 

Biologically degradable rubbers can be produced from relatively cheap renewable resources such as vegetable oils and fatty acids. Due to the abundance in fatty acid compositions, many different biorubbers can be manufactured, having their own specific properties. Based on these types of rubber, several commercially interesting applications, e.g. consumables, are now being developed. 

The interpretation of the analytical data obtained from ancient materials relies on a good knowledge of the various natural or synthetic substances that may be involved in the samples investigated. Accordingly, we describe here the main characteristics of waxes, animal fats and vegetable oils, not only from a chemical point of view, but also considering their properties, origin and uses. 

The copolymerisation of ethylene with vinyl acetate (VA) is another method by which the crystallinity of polyethylene can be reduced and a rubbery polymer obtained. The final properties of the copolymer depend on the VA content at a VA level of 50% the copolymer is entirely amorphous, and elastomeric grades generally contain 40-60% VA by weight. The oil resistance of the copolymer is also dependent on the VA content in general, however, this lies between that of SBR and polychloroprene. It is swollen by most organic solvents and not resistant to animal and vegetable oils, but has some resistance to weak acids and alkalis at ambient temperature. 

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