Utilitarian Aspects

Over the years, 4-thiazolidinones have been synthesized for a wide range of industrial, pharmaceutical, and biological purposes. The following list does not include the patent literature, because of space limitations. Thiazoli-dinone derivatives have been shown to exhibit fungicidal,10,17,20 24,27,30, 36-39.97,103.145 pestjcidal,10,11,19 130 antitubercular,23,48,49,118 anticonvulsant,32,41 48,52,56,151 local anesthetic,142 nematocidal,10 bactericidal,17, 

Krishnan, and G. Aravamudan, Inorg. Nucl. Chem. Lett. 9, 491 (1973). 

CIBA-GEIGY Research Centre, Goregaon, Bombay, India 

The theme of this review is the construction of heteroaromatic nitro compounds from open-chain nitro-containing precursors. Such synthetic procedures offer two specific advantages over nitration of a preformed heterocycle (i) emergence of novel substitution patterns, and (ii) retention of substituents which might be vulnerable to destruction by the reagents or conditions employed for nitration. 

Copyright 1979 by Academic Press, Inc. All rights of reproduction in any form reserved. 

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Utilitarian aspects of these heterocyclic phosphines are much less studied than those of their acyclic analogues. Thus, the fire resistivity of materials increases on treatment with aminomethylphosphines. With this aim, polymers generated by the interaction of phosphine with formaldehyde and amine can be used (62BRP919267). The same effect is observed for l,3,5-triaza-7-phosphaadamantane (74USP374584) and 3,7-dicyano-3,5,7-triaza-l-phosphabicyclo[3,3,l]-nonane and its derivatives (74-USP391189). 

However, the results obtained in recent years have also established that the structural characteristics of the established dendrimer systems, such as the absence of a well-defined secondary structure, have limited the development of efficient abiotic enzyme mimics based on dendrimers. To achieve this ambitious goal, more efforts in dendrimer synthesis will be necessary. The use of dendritic catalysts in biphasic solvent systems has only just begun and appears to be a particularly fruitful field for further developments. These utilitarian aspects aside, it is the aesthetic attraction of these topologically highly regular macromolecules that continues to fascinate those working in the field of dendrimer catalysis. 

A decade after the initial pioneering studies, dendrimer catalysis has developed into a highly varied and complex field of research. While much of the fascination is derived from the aesthetic appeal of dendrimers (as with other applications of this class of macromolecule), dendrimer catalysts have vindicated many of the utilitarian aspects of this research. This volume provides a comprehensive overview of the current state of the art. 

C.W. Peterson, "A Survey of the Utilitarian Aspects of Advanced Flowfield Diagnostic Techniques," AIAA J. 18, Pg 1352, 1979. 

Applications for dendrimers were hypothesized in the early years. Recently dendritic exploitation is indicative of future discoveries and uses. The following references and patents have been included as an initial guide to researchers interested in work related to this polymeric area. Utilitarian aspects are thus broken down into broad general topics these are not intended to be inclusive but rather illustrative in nature. 

Studies of unique properties of water have often followed two disjointed paths. On the one side, detailed microscopic properties of water molecules, both in the bulk and in and around biomolecules, have been studied in vitro, such as water structure and arrangement around proteins and DNA. These studies have often remained confined to their own domains of choice/focus, with hardly any attempt to connect it with other properties and fimctions of water. The second line of studies has focused on the utilitarian aspects of water. Here the approach is largely qualitative and focused on the role of water in various aspects of life and nature. The latter have... 

Compared to the opinions described by Professor Whitesides, Professor Lehn placed less emphasis on the utilitarian aspects of what chemists do and spoke in favor of basic science. Why not do research and explore things just because they are beautiful, or because it is enjoyable to do so, as long as we can convince others that they are worth doing and e q)loring After all, they may ultimately be "useful", some perhaps in a practical sense, and others perhiq)s only because they contribute to nuuikind s understanding of the universe. 

It is therefore not surprising to me that so much emphasis is placed nowadays on the utilitarian aspects of science, and chemistry in particular. This seems absolutely necessary for the survival of the large-scale scientific endeavor as we know it, and for tapping the wonderful oportunities that we all believe to await us just aroimd the comer. 

Catalyst recycling has been achieved using membrane reactors, biphasic solvent systems, as well as catalyst precipitation and subsequent filtration, although frequently with deteriorating catalyst performance over time. This utilitarian aspect of dendrimer catalysis has provided the motivation for much of the work on chiral dendrimer catalysts. 

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