Urban waste, management

The work was supported by the U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Vicksburg, Mississippi, through Projects 127-15-5101 and 127-15-5191, Louisiana Transportation Research Center Project 127-15-4106, and the University of New Orleans Urban Waste Management and Research Center Project 127-15-5188. Helpful suggestions were provided by Fang Xin Yu, Donald Barbe, Dean Muirhead, Babak Naghavi, Ben Hill and two anonymous reviewers. 

The roots of environmental microbiology also lie in urban waste management and treatment. The field originally focused on monitoring the movement of pathogens and treating them within natural and urban environments to protect municipal water quality and public health. As the world became more urbanized in the late nineteenth century, the incidence of communicable diseases such as typhoid fever and cholera increased. To combat the spread of diseases, cities and communities began to treat water with various filtration and disinfectant methods. For the most part, such approaches to water treatment were instrumental in the elimination of waterborne bacterial diseases in developed countries, and disinfection processes continue to be widely used. 

Fergutz, O., Dias, S. Mitlin, D., 2011. Developing urban waste management in Brazil with waste picker organizations. Environment and Urbanization, 23(2), pp. 597-608. Available at http //eau.sagepub.com/cgi/ doi/10.1177/0956247811418742 [Accessed April 8, 2013]. 

In modern urban waste management, the emphasis has changed since the recognition of man s contribution to global warming from the prevention of litter in the environment to the recovery of value or the recovery of energy from wastes by recycling. The European Waste Framework Directive (March 1991) defines recovery as follows [1]. 

Keywords Coprocessing, Recycling, Urban solid waste management, Waste incineration, Waste-to-energy... 

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Bystrzejewska-Piotrowska, G., Golimowski, J. and Urban, P.L. (2009) Nanopartides their potential toxicity, waste and environmental management. Waste Manage., 29 (9), 2587-2595. 

Ilic M, Jaksic B (2000) Hazardous waste management. Institute of Urbanism. Republic of Srpska, ISBN 86-7440-004-3... 

The literature does suggest that dense urban form provides opportunities to reduce per capita emissions. The opportunity arises because, for example, (1) lower material and energy inputs for infrastmcture are necessary to support each resident than with low-density development (hence a lower per capita stock of building materials and their associated emissions), (2) transportation-related emissions can be reduced by the provision of affordable mass transit (mass transit for low-density developments is difficult to finance) and (3) centralized waste management and treatment also becomes more economically efficient and feasible. 

Brook, J.R., LiU3mian, C.D., et al (2002) Regional transport and urban contributions to fine particle concentrations in southeastern Canada. Journal of the Air and Waste Management Association, 52 (7) 855-866. 

This work was completed through U.S. DOE contract Number EM-78-D-01-5136 The overall management and direction of the project is under the Urban Waste Technology Program (D. Walter, Chief), Office of Conservation and Solar Applications. The technical monitor of the Project is Cynthia M. Powers, Argonne National Laboratories. 

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Jing, L.H., S.M. Steinberg, and B.J. Johnson Aldehyde and monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbon mixing ratios at an urban site in Las Vegas, Nevada, Journal of the Air Waste Management Association, 51 (2001) 1359-... 

Montoneri E, Boffa V, Savarino P, Tambone F, Adani F, Micheletti L, Gianotti C, Chiono R (2009). Use of biosurfactants from urban wastes compost in textile dyeing and soil remediation. Waste Management 29(l) 383-389. 

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Yu, H. Stuart, A.L. 2013. Spatiotemporal distributions of ambient oxides of nitrogen, with implications for exposure inequality and urban design. Journal of the Air and Waste Management Association 63(8) 943-955. 

Litter Problem Plastics waste in urban litter does pose a serious and real waste management problem. Unlike paper, plastics do not degrade in the outdoor environment at a fast enough rate compared to that of littering. The result is a serious aesthetic problem in highly populated urban areas in almost any part of... 

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