Urban design

Although all art is inherently public—created in order to convey an idea or emotion to others— public art, as opposed to art that is (20) sequestered in museums and galleries, is art specifically designed for a public arena where the art will be encountered by people in their normal day-to-day activities. Public art can be purely ornamental or highly functional it can be as subtle as a decorative door knob or as conspicuous as the Chicago Picasso. It is also an essential element of (25) effective urban design. 

Jackson, L.E. (2003) The relationship of urban design to human health and condition. Landscape and Urban Planning, 64(4) 191-200. 

Lindell, M.K. Hazardous materials. In Planning and Urban Design Standards American Planning Association, Ed. John Wiley and Sons New York, 1995. 

Ned Baker, a member of the 1972 UCLA Urban Design Vehicle Competition team, graphically demonstrates the cleanliness of an engine fueled by hydrogen. The almost pure water he is drinking condensed out from the steam coming out of the tail pipe, (prints from 16-mm film clip produced by UCLA)... 

Women can be regarded as a user group of public sphere with specific needs, requirements, and values, issues that should be intentionally and specifically addressed in urban design and plaiming practices. Since women s specific needs related to public sphere are dependent on culture, such needs should be understood and designed according to the local culmre. Women s privacy in the presence of outsider (stranger) males is a specific need and a value that has influenced and continues to influence Middle Eastern societies and their built environments. 

The previous studies maintain the necessity of women s participation in decision-making to express their needs and values and raise the question Is it tme that legal instruments and urban design reflect women s needs when they are decision makers ... 

Based on the previous studies, the following questions are raised What about women s situation in urban design of cities in the Middle Eastern world How are their needs and values being met in cities What role do they have in desigrting and managing cities These issues will be investigated in the next section which is concerned with women s needs in designing Middle Eastern cities, with partictrlar attention to women s requirement for privacy. 

The theoretical section includes a theoretical discussion of the main topic (women s needs in itrban planning, women s privacy and urban design of Middle Eastern cities, and women s involvement in decision-making process and reflection of their needs). 

If women s privacy is an important need and value for the Middle Eastern societies which influenced their traditional and modem urban designs and women s access to public sphere, the question to be raised here is ... 

Kallu, R. (2001). From abstract to concrete Subjective reading of urban space. Urban Design, 6(2), 129-150. 

Newman, O. (1972). Defensible space Crime prevention through urban design. New York Macmillan. 

Perfect, M., Power, G. ( 1997). Planning for urban quality Urban design in towns and cities. New York Routledge. 

Yu, H. Stuart, A.L. 2013. Spatiotemporal distributions of ambient oxides of nitrogen, with implications for exposure inequality and urban design. Journal of the Air and Waste Management Association 63(8) 943-955. 

For the most part, however, landscape architecture is employed in urban design and planning, environmental restoration, ecotourism, parks, gardens, recreational area design and development, and green infrastructure implementation. 

Urban design land use transportation design environmental policy community and economic development geographic information systems. 

Bayer, Michael, Nancy Frank, and Jason Valerius. Becoming an Urban Planner. A Guide to Careers in Planning and Urban Design. Hoboken, N.J. John Wiley Sons, 2010. A comprehensive handbook about urban planning as a profession. 

Jerusa Schneider (environmental sciences ph)doremediation phytoextration soil management, soil pollution, soil quality bioindicators, trace elements and nutrients from plants influence of sanitary wastewater disinfection in functional diversity of soil microbial communities and vegetable production). Sanitation and Environment Department, School of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Urban Design, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP... 

DETR (Department for the Environment, Transport, and the Regions). 2001. The Value of Urban Design. London Thomas Telford. Part of a series of reports aimed at raising the quality of urban design in the United Kingdom. 

Adams, J. S. (2008). Monumentality in urban design The case of Russia Eurasian Geography and Economics, 49(3), 280-303. 

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