UPS strategy

Many industrial processes which employ bubble column reactors (BCRs) operate on a continuous liquid flow basis. As a result these BCR s are a substantially more complicated than stationary flow systems. The design and operation of these systems is largely proprietary and there is, indeed a strong reliance upon scale up strategies [1]. With the implementation of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD), the associated complex flow phenomena may be anal)rzed to obtain a more comprehensive basis for reactor analysis and optimization. This study has examined the hydrodynamic characteristics of an annular 2-phase (liquid-gas) bubble column reactor operating co-and coimter-current (with respect to the gas flow) continuous modes. 

Mustapha, S., Ashhuby, B., and Azni, I., Start-up strategy of a thermophilic upflow anaerobic filter for treating palm oil mill effluent, Process Safety and Environmental Protection, 81 (4), 262-266, 2003. 

Just a few words to explain that in EuroV is that the clean-up strategy adopted by heavy-duty vehicles differs from that chosen by passenger cars. The heavy-duty vehicles have decided to reduce the engine-out particles emission levels and to treat the NOx released in the exhaust line by adopting the SCR-NH3 system. 

Gresh N, Cisneros GA, Darden TA, Piquemal J-P (2007) Anisotropic, polarizable molecular mechanics studies of inter-, intra-molecular interactions, and ligand-macromolecule complexes. A bottom-up strategy. J Chem Theory Comput 3 1960... 

Scale-up strategy applied to solid-acid alkylation process. Oil Gas J., 48-54. 

Figure 6. Make up strategies to boost research octane.

Yabannavar et al. [81] used Eqs. (19) and (20) for scale-up purposes. Based on successful operation conditions determined for an existing 12-L bioreactor, they calculated the spin-filter dimensions and operation conditions for an existing 175-L bioreactor. Experiments with the spin-filter designed for the large-scale bioreactor resulted in an absence of filter clogging with cell retention efficiency similar to the 12-L bioreactor. This was considered as an evidence that the suggested scale-up strategy is adequate. 

Polymer-mediated self-assembly of nanoparticles provides a versatile and effective approach for the fabrication of new materials. This bottom-up strategy builds up nanocomposite materials from diverse nanosized building blocks by incorporation of molecular-level recognition sites. The flexibility and reversibUity of self-assembly processes imparted by specific molecular interactions facilitates the formation of defect-free superstmctures, and it can be further explored in fields ranging from electronics to molecular biology. 

Hence, once again, the value of taking a systematic, sound scientific approach (and one that excludes personal bias) to process development as the basis for scale-up strategies has been confirmed. 

This chapter covers the general principles involved in the scale-up of biotechnology-derived products. Sections 1 and 11 focus on technologies currently used in the manufacture of commercial products. Sections III and IV include a practical approach to process design and scale-up strategies used to translate process development to large-scale production. 

Such products may be screened directly without any further purification. Because no purification on the final products is required in such instances, parallel solid-phase synthesis can be used to prepare arrays of compounds with a broad range of lipophilicity, charge, and molecular weight.9 Such arrays would be difficult to prepare by parallel solution-phase chemistry not only because each compound would require a different work-up strategy, but also because the purification of small, hydrophilic molecules is often a difficult task. 

Trappier, E. Scale-up Strategy for a lyophilized process. American Pharmaceutical Review Fall 2001. 

The combination of top-down and bottom-up strategies on the salivary characterization presents the advantages of each one and relied on the identification of more than 2000 different peptides (5,27,35-37,40—42). From those, only about 30-40% identified peptides belong to the major salivary peptide classes referred in the preceding text, the remnant peptides originating from sources such as plasma, squamous cells, and crevicular fluid. Peptides of major classes are usually detected by LC-MS analysis, independently of intra- and interindividual variability. Indeed, a repertoire of 233 masses belonging to these naturally occurring peptides has been consistently detected by LC-ESI-MS analysis of the salivary peptidome (43). 

Our understanding of chiral catalyst has greatly increased in recent years, and we are beginning to see catalysts that are less substrate dependent. The advantages of chiral catalysts on an industrial scale are obvious. With the enormous potential of pericyclic reactions, particularly because more than one carbon-carbon bond and a number of stereogenic centers can all be created at the same time, it can only be a matter of time before they become a key weapon in the process scale up strategy to chiral compounds. 

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