Bottom-up strategy

Gresh N, Cisneros GA, Darden TA, Piquemal J-P (2007) Anisotropic, polarizable molecular mechanics studies of inter-, intra-molecular interactions, and ligand-macromolecule complexes. A bottom-up strategy. J Chem Theory Comput 3 1960... 

Polymer-mediated self-assembly of nanoparticles provides a versatile and effective approach for the fabrication of new materials. This bottom-up strategy builds up nanocomposite materials from diverse nanosized building blocks by incorporation of molecular-level recognition sites. The flexibility and reversibUity of self-assembly processes imparted by specific molecular interactions facilitates the formation of defect-free superstmctures, and it can be further explored in fields ranging from electronics to molecular biology. 

The combination of top-down and bottom-up strategies on the salivary characterization presents the advantages of each one and relied on the identification of more than 2000 different peptides (5,27,35-37,40—42). From those, only about 30-40% identified peptides belong to the major salivary peptide classes referred in the preceding text, the remnant peptides originating from sources such as plasma, squamous cells, and crevicular fluid. Peptides of major classes are usually detected by LC-MS analysis, independently of intra- and interindividual variability. Indeed, a repertoire of 233 masses belonging to these naturally occurring peptides has been consistently detected by LC-ESI-MS analysis of the salivary peptidome (43). 

Bottom-Up Strategy to Obtain Luminescent and Redox-Active Metal Complexes of Nanometric Dimensions [V. Balzani, S. Campagna, G. Denti, A. Juris, S. Serroni, M. Venturi, Coord. Chem. Rev. 1994,132, 1]. 

Shimomura M, Sawadaishi T (2001) Bottom-up strategy of materials fabrication A new trend in nanotechnology of soft materials. Curr Opinion Coll Interf Sci 6 11-16... 

The hydrogen-bond mediated self-assembly of nanoparticles and polymers provides a versatile and effective method to control interparticle distances, assembly shapes, sizes, and anisotropic ordering of the resultant nanocomposites. This approach presents the bottom-up strategy to fabricate nanomaterials from molecular building blocks, which have great potential for assembling and integrating nanoscale materials and particles into advanced structures, systems, and devices. 

M. Shimomura, T. Sawadaishi, Bottom-Up Strategy of Materials Fabrication A New Trend in Nanotechnology of Soft Materials , Curr. Opin. Colloid Sci., 6,11 (2001)... 

Much better than physicists, chemists are in an ideal position to develop bottom-up strategies towards the design of molecular-level machines, since they are able to manipulate molecules, i.e., the smallest entities of matter that have distinct shapes and properties. Forty years ago, however, the chemical community was not ready to receive Feynman s stimulation. Only recently, after the development of supra-molecular chemistry [1], has the study of artiflcial molecular-level machines become an important research topic in chemistry [15, 26-28, 33]. 

The top-down strategy avoids a disadvantage of the bottom-up strategy in principle, it verifies the complete DNA-predicted sequence of the protein, as both the intact proteins and the sum of the fragments are measured. 

Anisotropic orientation of PFs may also have been achieved in LB films and by LB film transfer methods [112] but in this case uniaxial alignment has not as yet been achieved. Alignment can also be achieved using a top down approach rather than a bottom up strategy. Samuel and coworkers [113] used a rubbed polyimide surface coated with an intervening thermotropic liquid crystal layer to produce uniaxial orientation starting at the top surface of a PF2/6 LED device. 

Gresh, N., Cisneros, G. A., Darden, T. A., and Piquemal, J.-P. Anisotropic, Polarizable Molecular mechanics studies of inter- and intramolecular interactions and ligand-macromolecule complexes. A bottom-up strategy. /. Chem. Theory Comput, 3, 1960-1986, doi 10.1021/ct700134r (2007). 

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