Unsaponified fatty matter

The main distillation eliminates unsaponified fatty matter as well as degraded or polymerized fatty acids or polymers (>5%). 

Soulier et al. (35) isolate eight triterpenic alcohols from sal and illipe butters besides other compounds. They separate these compounds after saponification of the fatty matter and fractionation of the unsaponifiable on an aluminium oxide column (hydrated at 5%). Two successive HPLC separations and a TLC-AgN03 permit the isolation of highly purified fractions. Through the use, among others, of the H-NMR and MS techniques, they identify nine... 

Animal fat (AAFCO number 33.1) is obtained from the tissues of mammals and/or poultry in the commercial processes of rendering or extracting. It consists predominantly of triacylglyerol esters of fatty acids and contains no additions of free fatty acids or other materials obtained from fats. It must contain, and be guaranteed for, not less than 90% total fatty acids, not more than 2.5% unsaponifi-able matter, and not more than 1% insoluble impurities. Maximum free fatty acids and moisture must also be guaranteed. If the product bears a name descriptive of its kind or origin (e.g., beef, pork, or poultry), it must correspond thereto. If an antioxidant is used, the common name or names must be indicated, followed by the words used as a preservative. Includes IFN 4-00-409 (animal poultry fat). 

Unsaponifled Fat. The Analytical Methods Committee of the S.A.C. recommends three determinations to obtain a correct indication of the total free fat or unsaponified saponifiable matter in soaps, (/) free fatty acids by direct titration as above, (m) unsaponified neutral fat and un-saponifiable matter by the method described below, (m) unsaponifiable matter by saponification and extraction of ( ). Hence the unsaponified neutral fat is it) — (m), and the total free fat or unsaponified saponifiable matter is (it) — iii) + (0 ... 

When the amount of water added is small and the alcohol concentration in the saponified solution is high, fatty acid potassium salts may transfer into the ether layer along with unsaponifiable matter, including cholesterol. For quantitative recovery of cholesterol, as well as the complete separation of the fatty acid potassium salts from the cholesterol fraction, lowering the alcohol concentration by adding excess water prior to ether extraction is recommended. When the alcohol concentration is sufficiently low, the saponified solution forms easily. 

Other extraction methods used in the lipid extraction include supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) and pressurized liquid extraction (PLE). With SEE, good extraction yields have been obtained for nonpolar lipids including ester-ified fatty acids, acylglycerols, and unsaponifiable matter. However, complex polar lipids are only sparingly soluble in supercritical carbon dioxide alone and polar modifiers, such as methanol, ethanol, or even water is required to improve the extraction of polar lipids (10). SFE has been used for the extraction of lipids especially from various food matrices, such as different nuts, edible oils, and seeds (11). The recoveries of lipids in SFE were on the same levels than with conventional solvent extraction methods (12,13), no significant differences between the fatty acids extracted were observed. PLE has also been used in lipid extraction, although only in very few applications (14). The elevated temperatures used in PLE can cause alteration of the lipid composition. 

Subtract the calculated weight of fatty acids from the weight of the residue to obtain the corrected weight of unsaponifiable matter in the sample. 

Avocado Persea americana). The avocado grows in tropical and subtropical countries between 40°N and 40°S and is available particularly from California, Florida, Israel, New Zealand, and South Africa. Like the palm and the olive, lipid is concentrated in the fruit pulp (4—25%) from which it can be pressed. There is very little oil in the seed (2%). The oil is used widely in cosmetic products as it is easily absorbed by the skin, and its unsaponifiable material is reported to provide some protection from the sun. It is also available as a high-oleic speciality oil for food use. It is rich in chlorophyll, making it green before processing. It contains 16 0 (10-20%), 18 1 (60-70%), and 18 2 (10-15%) as its major fatty acids. Its unsaponifiable matter, total sterol, and tocopherol levels have been reported (74-78). 

For purposes of identifying natural fats and ascertaining their quality, a number of analytical tests are routinely employed. The test results of a sample of fat under assessment should fall within the range of established constants to confirm its identity. For coconut oil the usual tests are fatty acid composition, acid value/ percent free fatty acid, saponihcation value, iodine value, Reicheit-Meissl value, Polenske value, unsaponifiable matter, peroxide value/stabihty test, s.p./m.p., color, and solid fat content (see Tables 5 and 6)... 

By-products. Chemical Refining. The neutralization of free fatty acid in the crude pahn oil with caustic soda results in the formation of soapstock, which is treated with dilute sulfuric acid of pH 2.0-3.5 at 110-130°C for 30 min. A by-product called palm acid oil is then separated from the aqueous phase by centrifugation followed by hot-water washing. It consists mainly of free fatty acids, neutral oil, and partial glycerides. A small amount of unsaponifiable matter is also present. Characteristics and properties of palm acid oil (derived from chemical refining of crude pahn oil, stearin, and olein) are given in Table 35 (55). 

Refined oil usually retains little phospholipid, but damaged beans can have a significant content of phosphatidic acid, and the amount of iron in the oil is related to the amount of phosphorus (24). During deodorization, considerable amounts of sterol and tocopherol may be removed from the oil. The proportion removed depends on deodorization conditions, but a 30% to 40% decrease is not unusual (25). Much of the hydrocarbons and squalene are lost to the deodorizer distillate as well. Free fatty acids in fully refined oil are required to be <0.05% and unsaponifiable matter < 1.5% (26). 

Deodorizer distillate is the material collected from the steam distillation of oils. It is a mixture of free fatty acids (especially during physical refining) tocopherols, phytosterols and their esters, hydrocarbons, and hpid oxidation products. The quality and composition of deodorizer distillate depends on the feedstock oil composition and processing conditions. Tocopherols and sterols are the most valuable components that can be recovered from the distillate, and they are used in the nutrition supplement and pharmaceutical industries (201). Typical soybean deodorizer distillate contains about 33% unsaponifiable matters, of which 11% is tocopherol and 18% sterol (202). 

Part of the unsaponifiable matter (such as tocopherols, sterols, and sterolesters) is distilled together with the free fatty acids during deodorization/deacidification, as... 

The cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) is an evergreen species native to tropical America and contains 47% oil (w/w) (1, 68). Other components of cashew nuts include carbohydrate (27.1%), protein (18.2%), water (5.2%), and ash (2.5%) The predominant fatty acid in cashew nut oil is oleic acid (57.3-65.1%), followed by linoleic (15.6-18.6%), and palmitic (9.0-14.2%) acids (Table 10) (68). Cashew nut oil contains 1.4% unsaponifiable matter (w/w), of which 76.2-82.7% is p-sitosterol. Other sterols present in cashew nut oil include A -avenasterol, campesterol, fucosterol, cholesterol, and stigmasterol (68). Cashew nut oil contains 45.3-83.5 mg/lOOg y-tocopherol other tocopherols present are a-tocopherol (2.8-8.2 mg/lOOg) and 5-tocopherol (2.0-5.9 mg/100 g) (68). 

As shown in Table (2), vegetable oils contain variable levels of unsaponifiable matter (3) of variable composition and characteristics (4). The refining process, which is necessary to remove undesirable pigments and fatty acid oxidation products such as peroxides and their degradation products from vegetable oils to make them suitable for consumption, unfortunately, brings about loss of valuable nutrients and natural antioxidants (5-7). The technical and nutritional importance... 

Soapstock is the byproduct of caustic (dilute sodium hydroxide) washing of crude oil during refining. Free fatty acids, hydrolyzed phospholipids, and unsaponifiable matter are included in the soapstock. Free fatty acids are the most valuable compo-... 

Com endosperm oil (33.6) is obtained by the extraction of oil from com gluten. It consists predominantly of fatty acids and glycerides and must contain not less than 85% total fatty acids, not more than 14% unsaponifiable matter, and not more than 1% insoluble matter. If an antioxidant is used, the common name or names... 

Calcium salts of long-chain fatty acids (33.14) are the reaction products between calcium and long-chain fatty acids of vegetable and/or animal origin. They shall contain a maximum of 20% lipid not bound in the calcium salt form and the percent total fat shall be indicated. The unsaponifiable matter (exclusive of calcium salts) shall not exceed 4% and moisture shall not exceed 5%. If an antioxidant is used, its common name must be indicated on the label. Before conducting an assay for total fats, hydrolysis of the calcium salts should be performed to liberate the lipid fraction. 

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