Units of volume

Unit of Length Abbreviation Number of Meters Definition 

Meter m 1 Standard metric unit of length (1 m = 1.094 yards) 

Millimeter mm 10-3 Same otdo of magnitude as sizes of letters on this page 

The SI unit of volume is the cubic decimetre or dm. This contains 1000 cubic centimetres. 

The terms millilitres (ml) and litres (1) are often used interchangeably with cm- and dm, ie. 1 ml = 1 cm and 1 litre = 1 dm. These units are still used regularly in American texts, and are also in everyday use as measurements of food and household products. 

So far, in earlier units, we have been determining reaction quantities by weighing out amounts of chemicals (the chemical which is dissolved is known as the solute, and the liquid in which it is dissolved is the solvent) in grammes and calculating how many moles are present. Sometimes this is not a convenient way of measuring. If we are using hydrochloric acid, for example, it is already in aqueous solution. How do we calculate how much acid is in solution In other words, what is the concentration  

In the domestic situation, we tend to use the words strong and weak to describe the concentration of, say, a cup of tea but in the chemical situation, these terms refer to other properties of the solution, so we must use the qualitative terms concentrated and dilute to talk about solution strength. 

On the laboratory bench we may have bottles of concentrated acid and dilute acid. The dilute acid may be marked 2M, or more correctly, 2 moles per cubic decimetre, abbreviated to 2 mol dm 3. 

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Figure 2.1 served as the basis for our initial analysis of viscosity, and we return to this representation now with the stipulation that the volume of fluid sandwiched between the two plates is a unit of volume. This unit is defined by a unit of contact area with the walls and a unit of separation between the two walls. Next we consider a shearing force acting on this cube of fluid to induce a unit velocity gradient. According to Eq. (2.6), the rate of energy dissipation per unit volume from viscous forces dW/dt is proportional to the square of the velocity gradient, with t]q (pure liquid, subscript 0) the factor of proportionality ... 

The saturation magnetization, J), is the (maximum) magnetic moment per unit of volume. It is easily derived from the spia configuration of the sublattices eight ionic moments and, hence, 40 ]1 per unit cell, which corresponds to = 668 mT at 0 K. This was the first experimental evidence for the Gorter model (66). The temperature dependence of J) (Fig. 7) is remarkable the — T curve is much less rounded than the usual BdUouia function (4). This results ia a relatively low J) value at RT (Table 2) and a relatively high (—0.2%/° C) temperature coefficient of J). By means of Mitssbauer spectroscopy, the temperature dependence of the separate sublattice contributions has been determined (68). It appears that the 12k sublattice is responsible for the unusual temperature dependence of the overall J). 

Bulk den.situ. This is the weight per unit of volume of a quantity of solid particles, usually expressed in kilograms per cubic meter (pounds per cubic foot). It is not a constant and can be decreased by aeration and increased by vibration or mechanical packing. 

For application in flowing media (e.g., for ships) it is also necessary that the usable current content be as large as possible not only per unit of mass but also per unit of volume, so that the volume of the installed anodes becomes as small as possible. 

Parameter x can be expressed in terms of the ratio of the mass of solid particles settled on the filter plate to the filtrate volume, x, and, instead of r , a specific mass cake resistance, r , is used. That is, r, is the resistance to the flow presented by a uniformly distributed cake in the amount of 1 kg/m. Replacing units of volume by mass, the term r x into the above expression changes to r x,j,. Neglecting the filter plate resistance (i.e., R, = 0), then ... 

Upon integration for all strains, the work per unit of volume is... 

This calculation shows explicitly the correction to the MFA. With the quadratic form considered for and the local approximation, the calculation of k T n det 0A) can be performed exactly [39]. The change in the free energy by unit of volume, A.Fcharging when we switch on the charge is given by... 

As more fuel is converted into combustion products per unit of volume and time, expansion flow becomes stronger. Higher flow velocities go hand in hand with more intense turbulence. This process feeds on itself that is, a positive feedback coupling comes into action. In the turbulent stage of flame propagation, a gas explosion may be described as a process of combustion-driven expansion flow with the turbulent expansion-flow structure acting as an uncontrolled positive feedback (Figure 3.2). 

Figures 6.30 and 6.31 present the same information for saturated hydrocarbons. In Figure 6.30, the saturated liquid state is on the lower part of the curve and in Figure 6.31 it is on the upper part of the curve. Below T y, the line width changes, indicating that the liquid probably does not flash below that level. Note that a line has been drawn only to show the relationship between the points a curve reflecting an actual event would be smooth. Note that a liquid has much more energy per unit of volume than a vapor, especially carbon dioxide. Note It is likely that carbon dioxide can flash explosively at a temperature below the superheat limit temperature. This may result from the fact that carbon dioxide crystallizes at ambient pressure and thus provides the required number of nucleation sites to permit explosive vaporization.

Volum, n. volume, -abnahme, /. decrease in volume, - derung, /. change of volume, alteration in volume, -dichte, /. density by volume, -einheit, /. unit of volume. Volumen, n. volume. For compounds see Volum-. 

The density of a substance is its weight per unit of volume. The unit of volume in the English system of measurement is 1 cubic foot or 1 f. To find the density of a substance, you must know its weight and volume. You then divide its weight by its volume to find the weight per unit volume. 

The metric system uses decimals (or the decimal system). In the metric system, the gram is the unit of weight, the liter the unit of volume, and the meter the unit of lengtii. 

The units of weight in the apotiiecaries system are grains, drams, and ounces. The units of volume are minims, fluid drams, and fluid ounces. The units of measurement in this system are not based on exact measurements. 

Units may be combined together into derived units to express a property more complicated than mass, length, or time. For example, volume, V, the amount of space occupied by a substance, is the product of three lengths therefore, the derived unit of volume is (meter)3, denoted m3. Similarly, density, the mass of a sample divided by its volume, is expressed in terms of the base unit for mass divided by the derived unit for volume—namely, kilogram/(meter)3, denoted kg/m3 or, equivalently, kg-m-3. The SI convention is that a power, such as the 3 in cm3, refers to the unit and its multiple. That is, cm3 should be interpreted as (cm)3 or 10-6 m3 not as c(m3), or 10 2 m3. Many of the more common derived units have names and abbreviations of their own. 

Comparison between the heat exchanged per unit of volume during oxidation experiment in the Shimtec reactor and the maximal heat exchanged in a classical batch reactor (with a double jacket) highlights the effectiveness of the former. Indeed, in oxidation reaction experiments, a mean value of the heat exchanged per unit of volume in the HEX reactor is estimated with utility stream temperature of 47 °C ... 

Table 12.10 summarizes the geometrical parameters and the heat exchanged per unit of volume of the batch reactors in the same reaction conditions as the HEX... 

As expected, heat exchanged per unit of volume in the Shimtec reactor is better than the one in batch reactors (15-200 times higher) and operation periods are much smaller than in a semibatch reactor. These characteristics allow the implementation of exo- or endothermic reactions at extreme operating temperatures or concentrations while reducing needs in purifying and separating processes and thus in raw materials. Indeed, since supply or removal of heat is enhanced, semibatch mode or dilutions become useless and therefore, there is an increase in selectivity and yield. 

The defined unit of volume in SI is the cubic meter (m ). Chemists more commonly use the liter (L) or the milliliter (mL). 

High activity per unit of volume in the eventual reactor. 

Flow Flux, Permeability, Conversion The productivity of a membrane module is described by its flux J = volumetric permeate flow rate/membrane area with units of volume per area per time. Relatively high flux rates imply that relatively small membrane areas are required. The permeate volume is usually greater than the feed volume for a given process. Flux is also the magnitude of the normal flow velocity with units of distance per time. 

Therapeutic intravenous (TV) fluids include crystalloid solutions, colloidal solutions, and oxygen-carrying resuscitation solutions. Crystalloids are composed of water and electrolytes, all of which pass freely through semipermeable membranes and remain in the intravascular space for shorter periods of time. As such, these solutions are very useful for correcting electrolyte imbalances but result in smaller hemodynamic changes for a given unit of volume. 

The older version of the metric system uses the liter as the basic unit of volume. It is defined as 1 dm3. Chemists often use this unit in preference to the m3 because it is about the magnitude of the quantities with which they deal. The student has to know both units, and the relationship between them. 

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