United States organization

Robert Woodward United States organic synthesis... 

Herbert Brown United States organic synthesis of boron and phosphorus... 

Establish a set of standards and certification and accreditation guidelines supported by the United States organic industry and community, including existing public and private certification agencies. 

In the United States, organizations such as the US Consumer Product Safety Commission and the National Association of State Fire Marshals have been instrumental in promoting fire safety of plastics in these applications. In many cases, it is not required by law that flame-retardant polymers be used. Rather, the UL seal is necessary for acceptance by consumers that the products meet the necessary requirements of fire safety. 

Breger, I. A., Hatcher, P. G., Romankiw, L. A., Miknis, F. P., and Maciel, G. E. (1983). Upper Devonian black shales of the eastern United States Organic geochemical studies—past and present. In Geochemistry and Chemistry of Oil Shales (No. 230) (F. P. Mikins and J. F. McKay, eds.). American Chemical Society Symposium Series, American Chemical Society, Washington, D.C., pp. 181-198. 

United States, Organization of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, United States Military Posture, FY 1978, p. 87. 

The classification of motor oils has not been completed in the ISO standard because the technical differences between motors in different parts of the world, particularly Europe and the United States, make the implementation of a single system of classification and specifications very difficult. In practice, different systems coming from national or international organizations are used. The best known is the SAE viscosity classification from the Society of Automotive Engineers, developed in the United States. 

Frank Whitmore in the United States in the 1930s in a series of papers, generalized these concepts to include many other organic reactions. Carbocations, however, were generally considered to be unstable... 

Molecular modeling has evolved as a synthesis of techniques from a number of disciplines—organic chemistry, medicinal chemistry, physical chemistry, chemical physics, computer science, mathematics, and statistics. With the development of quantum mechanics (1,2) ia the early 1900s, the laws of physics necessary to relate molecular electronic stmcture to observable properties were defined. In a confluence of related developments, engineering and the national defense both played roles ia the development of computing machinery itself ia the United States (3). This evolution had a direct impact on computing ia chemistry, as the newly developed devices could be appHed to problems ia chemistry, permitting solutions to problems previously considered intractable. 

Acetic acid has a place in organic processes comparable to sulfuric acid in the mineral chemical industries and its movements mirror the industry. Growth of synthetic acetic acid production in the United States was gready affected by the dislocations in fuel resources of the 1970s. The growth rate for 1988 was 1.5%. 

Processes rendered obsolete by the propylene ammoxidation process (51) include the ethylene cyanohydrin process (52—54) practiced commercially by American Cyanamid and Union Carbide in the United States and by I. G. Farben in Germany. The process involved the production of ethylene cyanohydrin by the base-cataly2ed addition of HCN to ethylene oxide in the liquid phase at about 60°C. A typical base catalyst used in this step was diethylamine. This was followed by liquid-phase or vapor-phase dehydration of the cyanohydrin. The Hquid-phase dehydration was performed at about 200°C using alkah metal or alkaline earth metal salts of organic acids, primarily formates and magnesium carbonate. Vapor-phase dehydration was accomphshed over alumina at about 250°C. 

Synthetic Organic Chemicals, United States Production and Sales, USITC PubHcation, 1989. 

Adipic acid is a very large volume organic chemical. Worldwide production in 1986 reached 1.6 x 10 t (3.5 x 10 lb) (158) and in 1989 was estimated at more than 1.9 x 10 t (Table 7). It is one of the top fifty (159) chemicals produced in the United States in terms of volume, with 1989 production estimated at 745,000 t (160). Growth rate in demand in the United States for the period 1988—1993 is estimated at 2.5% per year based on 1987—1989 (160). Table 7 provides individual capacities for U.S. manufacturers. Western European capacity is essentially equivalent to that in the United States at 800,000 t/yr. Demand is highly cycHc (161), reflecting the automotive and housing markets especially. Prices usually foUow the variabiUty in cmde oil prices. Adipic acid for nylon takes about 60% of U.S. cyclohexane production the remainder goes to caprolactam for nylon-6, export, and miscellaneous uses (162). In 1989 about 88% of U.S. adipic acid production was used in nylon-6,6 (77% fiber and 11% resin), 3% in polyurethanes, 2.5% in plasticizers, 2.7% miscellaneous, and 4.5% exported (160). 

The commercialization by Kureha Chemical Co. of Japan of a new, highly attrition-resistant, activated-carbon adsorbent as Beaded Activated Carbon (BAC) allowed development of a process employing fluidized-bed adsorption and moving-bed desorption for removal of volatile organic carbon compounds from air. The process has been marketed as GASTAK in Japan and as PURASIV HR (91) in the United States, and is now marketed as SOLD ACS by Daikin Industries, Ltd. 

Chemical composition data for CPM and FPM for a variety of locations are summarized in Table 5. These data illustrate several important points. First, the distributions of the PM q between CPM and FPM vary from about 0.4 to 0.7. Second, the ratio of PM q to TSP varies from 0.58 to 0.79. In general, both this ratio and the ratio of FPM to PM q tend to be higher at mral sites, but Bermuda, because of the large influence of sea salt in the CPM, is an exception. Sulfate (SO ), carbon (as organic carbon, OC, and elemental carbon, EC), and nitrate (NO3 ) compounds generally account for 70—80% of the FPM. In the eastern United States, compounds are the dominant species, although very Httie is emitted directiy into the atmosphere. Thus... 

Several international organizations have been estabUshed that can offer conservation advice or even practical help in areas of the world where such is not readily available. The International Centre for the Study of the Preservation and the Conservation of Cultural Properties (ICCROM), based in Rome, is an intergovernmental organization that serves over 80 member states, among which is the United States. In the United States, the National Institute for Conservation of Cultural Property (NIC) serves as a fomm to faciUtate information distribution and exchange, coordination and planning between institutions and representatives of the various professions, and to promote pubHc and government awareness of the need for conservation of the cultural... 

The fine chemicals standards discussed herein are primarily those originating in the United States. Much discussion has occurred regarding harmonization of the wodd s standards. It is not yet clear, however, what impact the International Standards Organization QuaHty Management Standards (ISO 9000) may have on the manufacture and specifications of fine chemicals. 

United States Pharmacopeia. Reference standards are requited in many USP and NF tests, and in a few FCC tests. The USPC distributes such standards domestically and has authorized international distribution by a number of organizations or companies. There are well over 1000 USP Reference Standards, including several for melting points, and also specimens of narcotics and other controlled substances. New standards are constantly under development as needed in various USP, NF, and FCC testing methods. 

Mercury(II) fluoride has been used in the process for manufacture of fluoride glass (qv) for fiber optics (qv) appHcations (11) and in photochemical selective fluorination of organic substrates (12). It is available from Advance Research Chemicals, Aldrich Chemicals, Johnson/Matthey, Aesar, Cerac, Strem, and PCR in the United States. The 1993 annual consumption was less than 50 kg the price was 800—1000/kg. 

---