United States environmental concerns

Hydroelectricity is an ideal renewable, because it is reliable as well as "dispatchable" (available when needed). However, in the United States environmental concerns have... 

Due to the capacity of deep wells to store injected waste for a long period of time, if the correct measures are taken in design, construction and operation, deep well injection can provide an effective and environmentally safe method of concentrate management. The major environmental concern for deep well injection is the potential for contamination of nearby aquifers, which may be used as a source of drinking water. Six pathways have been defined that describe the potential migration of concentrate that can cause contamination of aquifers (Shammas et al. 2009 United States Environmental Protection Agency 2002) ... 

USEPA (2000). Choosing a Percentile of Acute Dietary Exposure as a Threshold of Regulatory Concern, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, Washington, DC, USA (website http //www.epa.gov/pesticides/trac/science/). 

The in situ control of air quality is a major concern at the time of writing. The United States Environmental Protection Agenqr (EPA) has defined National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) for pollutants considered as harmful for public health and the environment. Among the major air pollutants, we can mention SOj, CO and NO (NO/NOj). 

Mercury is a toxic environmental contaminant and is a primary issue of concern for several government agencies (e.g.. United States Environmental Protection Agency, Environment Canada, and Health Canada). Mercury transport and fate are global issues since, due to its dispersion and transformation into bioavailable forms, it can bioaccumulate not only in contaminated sites but also in remote freshwater lakes [1-3]. For example, Kejimkujik Park (Nova Scotia, Canada) has no known local anthropogenic inputs of mercury and yet contains fish and loons that have some of the highest blood mercury concentrations in North America [4,5]. 

The United States Environmental Proteetion Agency (EPA) and Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) have established guidance concerning the need to take protective actions in the event of the release of radioactive material into the environment. The United... 

A brief summary of the environmental and safety regulations are given in this chapter in an effort to inform the reader about these regulations, and the responsibility to know the regulations and to follow correctly their recommendations. The concerns for environmentally acceptable practices are in part the result of the establishment of the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in 1970. The Environmental Protection Agency administers several laws of particular concern to solvent producers and solvent users. These laws include the Clean Air Act (CAA) the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA or Superfund) the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) the Toxic Substances... 

Most of the PM mass from diesel engines ranges from 0.1 to 0.5 xm in diameter, which is much less than the suspended particulate matter (SPM) standard prescribed in the Air Quality Standards of Japan (10 xm or less), and the PM2.5 (2.5 p,m or less) standard prescrihed hy the United States Environmental Agency. To make matters worse, the majority of PM is made up of ultrafine particles with diameters of 0.005-0.1 xm. Ultrafine particles of 0.05 xm or smaller are called nanoparticles, and these cause concern with regard to invasion of respiratory organs such as bronchial tubes, alveolar eells, and further Wood vessels, and are thus detrimental to human health. ... 

When dealing with any industrial solvent, environmental, health, and safety (EH S) issues are among the most critical concerns for workers. The chemical industry segments which produce solvents support responsible environmental uses of the chemicals as well as safe work practices. These concerns for environmentally acceptable practices are in part the result of the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). The EPA endeavors to implement federal laws designed to protect the country s air, water, and soil from harmful pollution. The enactment of these important laws, which have helped the EPA accomplish their task of limiting pollution of the enviromnent, are reviewed in this chapter. 

Synthetic Processes. Traditional Solvay plants produce large volumes of aqueous, chloride-containing waste which must be discharged. This fact, in addition to a noncompetitive cost position, is largely responsible for the demise of U.S. synthetic plants. In countries other than the United States, waste is sent to the ocean, rivers, or deep underground wells. The AC and NA coproduct processes produce less aqueous waste than the traditional Solvay and NA mono processes. Related environmental concerns are added whenever a plant complex includes lime quarries and ammonia-producing equipment. 

Lead Azide. The azides belong to a class of very few useflil explosive compounds that do not contain oxygen. Lead azide is the primary explosive used in military detonators in the United States, and has been intensively studied (see also Lead compounds). However, lead azide is being phased out as an ignition compound in commercial detonators by substances such as diazodinitrophenol (DDNP) or PETN-based mixtures because of health concerns over the lead content in the fumes and the explosion risks and environmental impact of the manufacturing process. 

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