To Make Matters Worse

The task of purging pipelines for maintenance is almost second-nature to well-experienced operators in this unit. Typically, pipeline clearing is routine and is uneventful. This time, however, the utility dry air system was also being utilized as a source for instrument air in the operating area. Hence, this corrosive material was able to backflow throughout the instrument air system into monitoring and control systems. The backflow created expensive instrument damages. 

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Orotic acid (971) has a chequered history. It was isolated in 1905 from the whey of cows milk in Italy and it was subsequently synthesized in the United States in 1907. However, the workers involved were discouraged by some difference in melting points and no direct comparison of specimens was ever made. To make matters worse, the same laboratories prepared the isomeric 5-hydroxy-2-oxo-l,2-dihydropyrimidine-4-carboxylic acid and announced it as orotic acid, again without any direct comparison. Only in 1930 did a German worker actually compare directly natural and the original synthetic orotic acid, thereby showing them to be identical (30CB1000). 

Hydrogen fluoride is a very unpleasant chemical to work with. If spilled on the skin, it removes Ca2+ ions from the tissues, forming insoluble CaF2. A white patch forms that is agonizingly painful to the touch. To make matters worse, HF is a local anesthetic, so a person may be unaware of what is happening until it is too late. 

To make matters worse, the use of a uniform gas model for electron density does not enable one to carry out good calculations. Instead a density gradient must be introduced into the uniform electron gas distribution. The way in which this has been implemented has typically been in a semi-empirical manner by working backwards from the known results on a particular atom, usually the helium atom (Gill, 1998). It has thus been possible to obtain an approximate set of functions which often serve to give successful approximations in other atoms and molecules. As far as I know, there is no known way of yet calculating, in an ab initio manner, the required density gradient which must be introduced into the calculations. 

Some older systems of nomenclature are still in use. For example, some cations were once denoted by the endings -ous and -ic for the ions with lower and higher charges, respectively. To make matters worse, these endings were in some cases added to the Latin form of the element s name. Thus, iron(II) ions were called ferrous ions and iron(III) ions were called ferric ions (see Appendix 3C). We do not use this system in this text, but you will sometimes come across it and should be aware of it. 

The emulsion phase approaches the performance of a CSTR with its inherent lower yield for most reactions. To make matters worse, mass transfer between the emulsion and bubble phases becomes limiting to the point that some of the entering gas completely bypasses the catalytic emulsion phase. The system behaves like the reactor in Example 11.5. 

Almost any class of reduced nitrogen compound can serve as the nitrosatable precursor of an N-nitroso compound. To make matters worse, every nitrogen coordination state from primary to quaternary has been converted to a nitrosamine. A glance at the list of some of the known nitrosatable substrates given in Table II illustrates what a wide variety of N-nitroso compounds analysts might expect to encounter in our complex environment. 

Some of these effects have an enhancing influence on the overall rate of reaction. Others will have a detrimental effect. The relative magnitude of these effects will depend on the system in question. To make matters worse, if multiple reactions are being considered that are reversible and that also produce by products, all of the factors discussed in Chapter 6 regarding the influence of temperature also apply to gas-liquid reactions. 

Dehydration is undesirable because a, -unsaturated carbonyls are catalyst inhibitors. To make matters worse, phosphines can add to the a, -unsaturated carbonyl (Equation 2.3) to give a product that is a dehydration catalyst, so the deactivation spiral continues. 

To make matters worse, velocity is often reporting using the change in the amount of product per time ( xmol/min). To actually determine the concentration, you need to know the volume. The key unit that always shows up somewhere with velocities and never cancels out is the per time part the rest can usually be sorted out, depending on whether you re dealing with amounts or concentrations. 

Apart from the use of practical explosive tests to assess damage patterns at a crime scene, it has been suggested that patterns of deposition of explosives residue could be similarly assessed [27]. Practical experience shows that even in a planned scientific experiment there are huge variations in residue deposition patterns because of the difficulty of controlling aU the relevant parameters. Events at a crime scene are completely uncontrolled and subject to even greater variations, and to make matters worse the design, placement and performance of the explosive device are at best inferred rather than known. The presence of chemical traces of a particular explosive at a bomb scene is a useful indication of the material used the drawing of any conclusions beyond that point should be subject to extremely cautious consideration. 

Miscible blends are not as easy to achieve as immiscible blends. As noted above, entropy is the major driving force in causing materials to mix. Because polymer chains are already in a state of relatively high order, increases in randomness are not easily achieved so that immiscible blends are often more easily formed. To make matters worse, for amorphous polymers the amount of disorder in the unmixed polymer is often higher than for blends that tend to arrange the polymer chains in a more ordered fashion. 

Although chemists wrestled with the problem, they found no logical solution. Further experimentation seemed only to make matters worse. When the French chemist Jean-Baptiste Dumas measured the densities of different kinds of vapors during the 1820s, he achieved results that were even more difficult to reconcile with the atomic theory. The theory couldn t be abandoned by this time it had become an integral part of chemistry. 

One of the greatest challenges that accompanies the implementation of array detectors is the handling of the massive amounts of data that are generated. Since the detector is essentially a collection of many small detectors, each dataset is composed of data orders of magnitude more than from traditional experimentation. To make matters worse, this massive amount of data is collected in a time period that is... 

It is quite common for the chemical community nowadays to use the terms calibrate and calibration for any process that converts an observed value into a more reliable result, which is then called corrected, true, or calibrated. We must also concede that RMs are sometimes used that do not have a matrix closely similar to that of the sample. To make matters worse, uncertainties associated with that situation are generally ignored. Insofar as the chemical community is aware of these problems, the call goes out for more and more RMs in appropriate matrices beyond available capabilities to produce reliable RMs. In order to arrive at rational conclusions on these issues, it is necessary to examine closely and to understand the proper role of calibration and validation procedures. In the following paragraphs we describe our views and hope that others will endorse them. 

To double the pulse power, simply increase the power by 3 dB, as log(2) = 0.3. Because pulse power is the square of pulse amplitude B, to double the amplitude we need to multiply pulse power by a factor of 4, which corresponds to increasing power by 6 dB, as log (4) = 0.6. This leads to a simple rule of thumb Every time you increase the pulse power by 6 dB, you will cut the 90° pulse (fp) in half (because B is doubled). Likewise, each 6 dB decrease in pulse power will double the 90° pulse width. This is a good rule of thumb, but as the actual power settings are not precise, you will normally have to calibrate the 90° pulse at the new power setting to be sure. To make matters worse, Bruker uses the dB scale to describe power attenuation rather than power itself, so that the higher the dB value the lower the power. This is the opposite of Varian s system. Be careful whenever you are setting power levels If you get it wrong, you can burn up the probe, the amplifiers, and your sample ... 

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