Pollution limitations

A primary concern in coal-fired power generation is the release of air pollutants. Limits on SO2 output, 0.52 g/MJ equivalent of coal input to a new plant, have been estabflshed. Eor a bituminous coal of 27.9 MJ/kg there is thus an upper limit of 0.72% sulfur content. Relatively few coals can meet this requirement. The U.S. Department of Energy indicated recoverable reserves of 420 x 10 t in 1987 (2) that were categorized by sulfur content 33.5% had 0.6% S or less, 15.4% had between 0.61% and 0.83% S, 16.1% had between 0.84 and 1.67% S, 12.4% had between 1.68 and 2.50% S, and 22.6% had more than 2.5% S. The lowest sulfur coal, 86%, is found west of the Mississippi River, mainly in Montana and Wyoming, quite distant from the electric power demand centers in the East. A trend to utilization of the western coals has developed. 

Secondary Standard an air pollution limit based on environmental effects, e.g. damage to property, plants, visibility, etc. Secondary standards are set for criteria air pollutants. See also primary standard. 

If the biosolids are of "exceptional quality"- that is, they meet the pollutant concentration limits, class A pathogen reduction requirements, and a vector attraction processing option- they are usually exempt. However, when biosolids meeting class B pathogen reduction requirements are applied to the land, additional site restrictions are required. Table 6 provides a summary of the land application pollution limits for biosolids as they currently stand. 

Pollution Limitations - (i.e., smoke formation, malodorous or toxic combustion products, noise) which may be based on statutory and/or public relations requirements. 

The CWA21 imposes pollutant limitations for all discharges of wastewater from identifiable ( point ) sources into the nation s waterways. These discharges are defined as either direct discharges, indirect discharges, or zero discharges. 

Because the significance of exposure has only been considered over the past few years, there is not as wide a selection of exposure models available as that for fate models. The latter have been applied for several decades to the calculation of ambient exposure levels compared with some standard values. Papers illustrative of human exposure assessments in this symposium include one on airborne pollutant exposure assessments by Anderson (2), a generic approach to estimating exposure in risk studies by Fiksel (5), and a derivation of pollutant limit values in soil or water based on acceptable doses to humans by Rosenblatt, Small and Kainz (6). 

Application of the Preliminary Pollutant Limit Value (PPLV) Environmental Risk Assessment Approach to Selected Land Uses... 

Despite its flexibility, the Army methodology can be described well in terms of referenced scientific estimation methods or correlations and in terms of recently developed paradigms. The Army s Preliminary Pollutant Limit Value (PPLV) concept (1,2,3), a decision tool, is being used and continually improved. 

Rosenblatt et al. Preliminary Pollutant Limit Value Process 265... 

Rosenblatt, D.H. Dacre, J.C. Cogley, D.R. "An Environmental Fate Model Leading to Preliminary Pollutant Limit Values for Human Health Effects," Technical Report 8005, U.S. Army Medical Bioengineering Research and Development Laboratory, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, 1980, AD B049917L. 

Baker, J.R., Mihelcic, J.R., Shea, E. (2000) Estimating Koc for persistent organic pollutants limitation of correlations with KoW. Chemosphere 41, 813-17. 

Army. 1981b. Preliminary pollutant limit values for Alabama Army Ammunition Plant. Frederick, MD U.S. Army Medical Research and Development Command, Fort Detrick. Document no. AD A104203. 

H. Eight perimeter stations around the CAMDS site monitor the atmospheric effluent constituents to assure that air pollution limiting values for each effluent are not exceeded. 

Leckner B (1998) Fluid bed combustion Mixing and pollutant limitation. Prog Energy Combust Sci 24 31-61... 

Drost-Hansen, W. Thorhaug, A. (1974). Biologically allowable thermal pollution limits. Ecological Research Series, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Report EPA-600/3-74-003. Available from U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC. 

EPA. 2001k. Pollutant limits. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Code of Federal Regulations. 40 CFR 503.13. Http //esweb.bna.com. February 22, 2001. 

All pollutants limited in a discharger s permit will have limitations, standards, or prohibitions expressed in terms of mass except ... 

A permittee must comply with pollutants limited in terms of mass. Additionally, pollutants may be limited in terms of other units of measurement, in which case a permittee must comply with both limitations. 

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