Ultrastructure nervous system

Babel, J., Bischoff, A. and Spoendlin, H. Ultrastructure of the peripheral nervous system and sense organs. In Atlas of Normal and Pathologic Anatomy. St Louis Mosby, 1970, pp. 1-171. 

By immunohistochemistry, a- and p-synucleins are concentrated in nerve terminals, with little staining of somata and dendrites. Ultrastructurally, they are found in close proximity to synaptic vesicles. In contrast,y-synuclein is present throughout nerve cells in many brain regions. In rat, a-synuclein is most abundant throughout telencephalon and diencephalon, with lower levels in more caudal regions. P-Synuclein is distributed fairly evenly throughout the central nervous system, whereas y-synuclein is most abundant in midbrain, pons and spinal cord, with much lower levels in forebrain areas. 

Petralia, R. S., Wang, Y. X., and Wenthold, R. J. (1994) Histological and ultrastructural localization of the kainate receptor subunits, KA2 and GluR6/7, in the rat nervous system using selective antipeptide antibodies. J. Comp. Neurol. 349, 85-110. 

Since the first description of glial cells, Camillo Golgi (1843-1926) and Santiago Ramon y Cajal (1852-1934) recognized that astrocytes are located in strategic positions between neurons and capillaries to act as a conduit for signals between different cells types in the central nervous system (CNS Ramon y Cajal, 1899). Later on, examination of the nervous system at the ultrastructural level has shown that astrocytes can be intimately associated with synapses, literally enwrapping many pre- and postsynaptic terminals. For instance, in the hippocampus, 57% of the axon-spine interfaces are associated with astrocytes (Ventura and Harris, 1999). It is likely that this close physical relationship provides an opportunity for many functional interactions between astrocytes and neurons. 

Ludwin SK (1978) Central nervous system demyeUnation and remyeUnation in the mouse an ultrastructural study of cuprizone toxicity. Lab Invest 39 597-612 Ludwin SK (1994) Central nervous system remyelination studies in chronically damaged tissue. 

El Mestikawy S, Wehrle R, Masson J, Lombard MC, Hamon M, Sotelo C. 1997. Distribution pattern and ultrastructural localization of Rxtl, and orphan Na+/ CD-dependent transporter, in the central nervous system of rats and mice. Neuroscience 77 319-33... 

Chang L, Hartmann HA. 1972b. Ultrastructural studies of the nervous system after mercury intoxication. ActaNeuropathol (Berlin) 20 122-138. 

Davis LE, Wands JR, Weiss SA, et al. 1974. Central nervous system intoxication from mercurous chloride laxatives-quantitative, histochemical and ultrastructure studies. Arch Neurol 30 428-431. 

Jacobs JM, Carmichael N, Cavanagh JB. 1977. Ultrastructural changes in the nervous system of rabbits poisoned with methylmercury. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 39 249-261. 

Hickey, W. F., Vass, K., and Lassmann, H., Bone marrow-derived elements in the central nervous system an immunohistochemical and ultrastructural survey of rat chimeras, J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol., 51, 246, 1992. 

Diethyxime penetrates readily the central nervous system and, unlike dipiroxime, normalizes bioelectrical activity (EEG), functional state motoneurons of the spinal cord (Fig. 1), prevents the development of deep disorders in ultrastructure of rats spinal nerve fibers induced by OPC [99],... 

Chan-Palay V (1978) Ultrastructural localization of y-aminobutyric acid receptors in the mammalian central nervous system by means of pHJmuscimol binding. Proc. Natl Acad Scl USA, 75, 2977-2980. 

Olschowka JA, Molliver ME, Grzanna R, Rice FL, Coyle JT (1981) Ultrastructural demonstration of noradrenergic synapses in the rat central nervous system by dopamine-y8-hydroxylase immunocytochemis-try, J. Histochem. Cytochem., 29, 271-280,... 

The chronic effect of carbon disulfide and ethanol was examined by Opacka et al. (1984). Rats were exposed to 257 ppm of carbon disulfide for 5 hours a day, 6 days a week, for 11 months, and 10% ethanol (in water ad libitum for the last 3 months, control water ad libitum). Control rats were exposed to filtered air. The behavior, memory, and learning ability of the ethanol-fed rats were adversely affected compared to controls. Additional studies indicate biochemical alterations in the central nervous system and increased -glucuronidase activity ultrastructural studies show degeneration in the peripheral nervous system, particularly in the myelin sheath. These authors reported that the effects from combined exposures are greater than those from each substance alone. Wronska-Nofer et al. (1986) investigated the... 

Brownlee, D. J. A., Brennan, G. P., Halton, D. W., Fairweather, I. and Shaw, C. (1994) Ultrastructural localization of FMRFamide- and pancreatic polypeptide immunoreactivities within the central nervous system of the liver fluke Fasciola hepatica (Trematoda Digenea). Parasitol. Res. 80 117-124. 

Goh, S. L. and Davey, K. G. (1976) Selective uptake of adrenaline, DO PA, and 5-hydroxy-tryptamine by the nervous system of Phocanema decipiens (Nematoda) a light autoradiographic and ultrastructural study. Tissue Cell 8 421-435. 

Ultrastructural localizations of laminin have also been carried out at the electron microscope level during development and regeneration of the mouse sciatic nerve (Kuecherer-Ehret et al., 1990), in order to ascertain the distribution of laminin during elaboration of the peripheral nervous system. Laminin distribution is not restricted to the BL secreted by the Schwann cells, but is also found in direct contact with developing axons, as well as on the surface of the Schwann cells such a distribution reinforces the idea that laminin is involved in the outgrowth process in vivo. 

Olivi A, Gilbert M, Duncan KL, Corden B, Lenartz D, Brem H. Direct delivery of platinum-based antineoplastics to the central nervous system a toxicity and ultrastructural study. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 1993 31 449-454. 

Ndssel, D. R. and Elekes, K. (1984) Ultrastructural demonstration of serotonin immunoreactivity in the nervous system of an insect (Calbphora erythrocephala). Neurosct Lett. 48,203—210. 

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