Immunisation active

Lindblom N, de VUliers SH, Semenova S, Kalayanov G, Gordon S, Schilstrom B, Ohansson AM, Markou A, Svensson TH (2005) Active immunisation against nicotine blocks the reward facilitating effects of nicotine and partially prevents nicotine withdrawal in the rat as measured by dopamine output in the nucleus accumbens, brain reward thresholds and somatic signs. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 372 182-194... 

It is used for active immunisation of children against diphtheria and tetanus in cases where it is decided not to immunize against pertussis also. 

Hepatitis B vaccine is used for active immunisation against hepatitis B infection. Immunisation should be considered in persons at high risk of contracting hepatitis B. 

Hepatitis A vaccination is indicated for active immunisation against hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection in subjects at risk of exposure to HAV such as travellers to high prevalence areas, armed force personnel travelling to high endemic areas, person in whom... 

Typhoid vaccines are used for active immunisation against typhoid fever. Two types of vaccine, one injectable and other oral are available. 

Chickenpox or varicella is caused by the varicella zoster virus (VZV). Varicella vaccine is indicated for active immunisation against varicella in healthy subjects and their susceptible healthy close contacts from the age of 12 months onwards. 

Early work (796) on T. taeniaeformis and T. pisiformis showed that the high degree of immunity developed against larvae of these species could be transmitted by passive transfer of immune serum. Results with other species, such as E. granulosus and T. solium have not been so successful and not as promising as procedures involving active immunisation (see below). 

Passive immunity can be obtained by i.m. injection of globulin containing antibody to the virus normal immunoglobulin prepared from pooled plasma from known immune donors) which confers temporary protection for travellers visiting areas where the virus is endemic. Active immunisation with Hepatitis A vaccine is now preferable protective antibody takes about two weeks to develop. 

Live virus vaccination is unsafe in immuno-suppressed subjects, e.g. systemic prednisolone > 2 mg/kg per day for > 1 week in the preceding 3 months, as it may cause the disease, but active immunisation with killed vaccines or toxoids will give normal response unless the dose of steroid is high, when the response may be suppressed. 

Szmuness W, Stevens CE, Oleszko WR, Goodman A. Passive-active immunisation against hepatitis B immuno-genicity studies in adult Americans. Lancet 1981 1(8220 Pt l) 575-7. 

There are two types of immunisation passive and active. Passive immunisation involves transfer of antibodies formed in response to an antigen in one individual to another. Such antibodies were first produced in animals but now most antibodies used for passive immunisation are of human origin, which minimises allergic reactions. This form of immunisation gives immediate protection but it does not last very long, since the antibodies are soon degraded in the body. It is used, for example, to protect against tetanus, rabies and the toxins in snake venom. 

The most active metabolite was the novel cyclic undecapeptide, cyclosporin A (Figure 8). As an antibiotic, cyclosporin A exhibited only a very narrow spectrum of modest antifungal activity, but in 1972 its true potential was realised. Jean Borel and colleagues at Sandoz discovered that cyclosporin A also neutralised cytotoxic T-cell activity in vitro and prevented haemagglutination in mice immunised against sheep erythrocytes. Further studies revealed that cyclosporin A inhibits T-cell proliferation by blocking the synthesis of IL-2. ... 

In another study a group of adults was immunised with the live measles vaccine, this resulted in activation of Th2 cells producing interleukin-4 [ 170(IIa)]. In a small retrospective cohort study in Christchurch, New Zealand, involving school-aged children, there were lower rates of asthma or allergic disease among the 1.8% of uii-immuiiised children [171 (IIIC)]. 

Wilcock, D.M., Dicarlo, G., Henderson, D., et al Intracranially Administered Anti-AB Antibodies Reduce B-Amyloid Deposition by Mechanisms Both Independent of and Associated with Microglial Activation. J. Neurosci. 23, 3745-3751 (2003) Holmes, C., Boche, D., Wilkinson, D., et al. Long-term effects of AP 42 immunisation in Alzheimer s disease follow-up of a randomised, placebo-controlled phase I trial. Lancet 372, 11-14 (2008)... 

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