Tumor cell invasion, suppression

Sethi, G. Ahn, K. S. Pandey, M. K. Aggarwal, B. B. Celastrol, a novel triterpene potentiates TNF-induced apoptosis and suppresses invasion of tumor cells by inhibiting... 

Levicar N, Dewey RA, Daley E, Bates TE, Davies D, Kos J, Pilkington GJ, Lah TT (2003) Selective suppression of cathepsin L by antisense cDNA impairs human brain tumor ceU invasion in vitro and promotes apoptosis. Cancer Gene Ther 10 141-151 Levicar N, Strojnik T, Kos J, Dewey RA, Pilkington GJ, Lah TT (2002) Lysosomal enzymes, cathepsins in brain tumour invasion. J Neurooncol 58 21-32 Li F, Ackermann EJ, Bennett CF (1999) Pleiotropic cell-division defects and apoptosis induced by interference with survivin function. Nat Cell Biol 1 461 66 Lopes MBS, VandenBerg SR, Scheithauer BW (1993) The World Health Organization classification of nervous system tumors in experimental neuro-oncology. In AJ Levine and HH Schmidek, eds Molecular Genetics of Nervous System Tumors. Wiley-Liss, New York, NY, pp 1-36... 

Almost in vivo studies have been carried out on the ginsenosides (Fig. (1)). The /.v.(10-100 gg/mouse) or p.o. (100-1000 gg/mouse) multiple administration of ginsenoside-Rb2, 20 (R)- and 20 (S)-ginsenoside-Rg3 (Fig. (1)) isolated from red ginseng was demonstrated to inhibit lung metastasis produced by B16-BL-6 melanoma and colon 26-M3.1 carcinoma cells in syngeneic mice (Table 1) [18, 19]. The mechanism of their antimetastatic effect was related to the inhibition of the invasion and adhesion by tumor cells and also to the suppression of tumor-induced angiogenesis [18, 19]. 

Suppressing mechanism This mechanism includes elimination of tumor cells, including growth inhibition by induction of cell-cycle arrest or apoptosis. Apigenin has been shown to induce G2/M arrest in SW480 and Caco-2 human colon carcinoma cells [40], Resveratrol and quercetin are reported to induce the expression of caspase-3 promoting apoptosis, arresting cells in G1 phase of the cell cycle, and decrease tiunor cell invasion [41]. 

Some neuroblastoma cells overexpress the c-Kit receptor for its ligand, stem cell factor (SCF), and release SCF in an autocrine loop for self-stimulation of mitoses. Imatinib mesylate suppresses PDGF and tyrosine kinase c-Kit (GDI 17) expression. Somatostatin inhibited PDGF-induced phosphorylation of PDGFR and inhibited ras gene amplification. For local invasion, these tumor cells release MMP2/9. The synthetic MMP inhibitor, prinomastat, suppresses MMP production and tumor cell locomotion. However, MMP expression is promotional for neuroblastoma cell differentiation. The presence of MMP is necessary for the neurite formation of retinoic acid-treated neuroblastoma cells neurite formation is the first sign of differentiation induction (vide infra) [1624]. 

GA exhibits a ROS-mediated anticancer activity in human prostate cancer cells [63] and possesses antimelanogenic properties. A phenolic fraction from evening primrose Oenothera biennis) containing 55% of GA showed antitumor activity [64]. It has been proposed as a candidate for treatment of brain tumors as it suppresses cell viability, proliferation, invasion, and angiogenesis in human glioma cells. GA induces the death of HeLa cervical cancer cells via apoptosis and/or necrosis [17]. 

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